Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was a key feature of memory used in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was a key feature of memory used in the 1950s and 1960s?
Which of the following best describes the size of cores used in memory during the 1950s and 1960s?
Which of the following best describes the size of cores used in memory during the 1950s and 1960s?
How did the memory technology of the 1950s and 1960s differ primarily from later technologies?
How did the memory technology of the 1950s and 1960s differ primarily from later technologies?
What advancements in memory technology began to emerge after the 1960s?
What advancements in memory technology began to emerge after the 1960s?
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Which property of the cores used in memory during the 1950s and 1960s contributed to their functionality?
Which property of the cores used in memory during the 1950s and 1960s contributed to their functionality?
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What is the factor by which memory capacity has increased in each generation of semiconductor memory?
What is the factor by which memory capacity has increased in each generation of semiconductor memory?
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Which of the following represents the correct sequential progression of memory capacities in generations?
Which of the following represents the correct sequential progression of memory capacities in generations?
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Which generation of semiconductor memory corresponds to a capacity of 1M?
Which generation of semiconductor memory corresponds to a capacity of 1M?
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What is the reading time for a single bit of semiconductor memory?
What is the reading time for a single bit of semiconductor memory?
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How many generations of semiconductor memory have passed since its initial production?
How many generations of semiconductor memory have passed since its initial production?
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Study Notes
Generations of Integration
- Large Scale Integration (LSI): Approximately 1,000 components per chip.
- Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): About 10,000 components on a single chip.
- Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI): Can hold up to 1 billion components.
Microprocessors Development
- Intel 4004 (1971): First microprocessor, 4-bit architecture, integrated all CPU components.
- Intel 8008 (1972): First 8-bit microprocessor, enhancing performance over 4-bit.
- Intel 8080: A general-purpose 8-bit microprocessor.
- Intel 8086 (80x86): A key 16-bit microprocessor contributing to the x86 architecture.
- First 32-bit Microprocessor: Developed by Bell Labs and Hewlett-Packard in 1981.
Significant Microprocessors and CPUs
- 486DX CPU (1989): Introduced an 8kB cache and 32-bit data bus.
- Pentium Pro (1995): Featured a 64-bit data bus, offering higher performance.
- Core i7 EE 990 (2011): Utilized 1.17 billion transistors demonstrating ULSI capabilities.
- Intel 72-core Xeon Phi (2016): Counted around 8 billion transistors, showcasing modern processing power.
- Apple A10X Bionic (2018): ARM64 mobile SoC with 3.3 billion transistors.
- Nvidia Tegra Xavier SoC (2018): Accommodated 9 billion transistors, emphasizing high-performance processing.
Moore’s Law
- Describes the doubling of transistor density in integrated circuits approximately every two years.
Fifth Generation Computing (2010 - Present)
- Emerging technologies include superconductors, artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NLP), and quantum computation.
Evolution of Memory
- Early Core memory: Tiny rings made of ferromagnetic materials, used in the 1950s-1960s.
- Semiconductor memory: Introduced by Fairchild in 1970; reading time for a bit was 1/70×10^9 seconds.
- Memory generations have progressed from 1K to 4G, increasing capacity fourfold each generation.
Multicore, MIC, and GPU Technologies
- Multicore processors: Integrate multiple cores on a single chip, utilizing shared cache memory.
- Many Integrated Core (MIC): Involves multiple cores within one chip.
- Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Specializes in graphic data processing and parallel operations, also applicable for vector processing and simulation tasks.
Embedded Systems
- Designed for specific tasks with fixed functions; integrates hardware and software, potentially with mechanical components.
- Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC): ARM architecture developed the first commercial RISC processor, ARM1 operational in 1985.
- RISC advantages include being smaller, more cost-effective, and exhibiting lower heat dissipation.
Second Generation Computers
- Used around 10,000 transistors and improved architectural complexity including ALUs and control units.
- PDP-1: Introduced by DEC in 1957, marking the mini computer era.
- IBM 7094: Increased memory capacity from 210 to 215 and introduced new features such as Data Channel.
Third Generation Computers
- Utilized Integrated Circuits (ICs), incorporating transistors, resistors, and capacitors into a single component.
- Advantages of ICs: Smaller size, reduced cost, increased speed, lower power consumption, and improved reliability.
- IBM System /360 (1964): Featured increased speed, memory, and I/O ports.
- PDP-8: Developed by DEC, compact enough to fit on a lab bench, introduced the Omnibus for extensibility.
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