Key Tensions in 20th/21st Century History

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes the migration patterns described in the text?

  • They are exclusive to Western countries and other locations.
  • They are characterized by a consistent flow to any available region.
  • They primarily involve unskilled labor moving to developed nations.
  • They feature movement of highly skilled workers to specific destinations. (correct)

Which migration pattern does the example of South Asians moving to oil-producing Arab states represent?

  • An example of forced migration with limited choices for the workers.
  • A movement driven by political instability and oppression.
  • A flow of non-skilled labor towards high-income countries.
  • A pattern of highly skilled workers moving to nations with economic opportunities. (correct)

The phenomenon of non-Western 'highly skilled' migration to the US is primarily driven by:

  • A desire to join pre-existing cultural enclaves.
  • The need fleeing from conflict situations in home countries.
  • Limited educational infrastructure in the origin regions.
  • The search of better economic and career prospects. (correct)

What does the provided content imply is a key factor prompting the described migration patterns?

<p>A specific skill and the demand in particular regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the migration of highly skilled workers differ from other types of migration?

<p>It is generally towards locations with demand specific skill sets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary theme does the narrative use to portray the interplay between different systems of government?

<p>The conflict between authoritarian and democratic governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the dualistic approach taken in the narrative's structure?

<p>Cultural fragmentation vs globalisation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text characterize the challenges faced by individuals in the twenty-first century?

<p>Through the interplay of authoritarianism, democracy, cultural fragmentation and globalisation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST accurate description of how the narrative presents the world environment?

<p>As an interconnected and interdependent system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST describes the overall arrangement of ideas in the narrative?

<p>A structure based on key tensions and opposing forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested relationship between political systems and cultural trends in current time?

<p>Political systems and cultural trends are interactive and shape the experiences of individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge that the narrative suggests individuals face in the current era?

<p>The challenge of navigating global interaction while maintaining individuality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based solely on the provided image, what is the most likely subject of the book?

<p>A broad overview of world history after the Second World War (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'States and Peoples' most likely refer to within the book's context?

<p>An emphasis on examining both governmental structures and the lives of ordinary citizens globally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the information provided, what can reasonably be inferred about the scope of the book?

<p>It takes a chronological approach to world history from 1945 onwards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the layout, what is the most likely purpose of the text on the second line of the cover?

<p>It is the subheading of book, giving further information about its scope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Concise' suggest about the content of this history book?

<p>That it will be a general, summary approach to a broad range of events since 1945. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the placement of 'S P E L L M A N' at the top of the page suggest?

<p>It's the name of the publisher of the book. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the date '18/08/2020 14:44'?

<p>The timestamp of the final layout or printing process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the page layout, what is the most likely use for the text 'Spellman_MECH v3.indd All Pages'?

<p>It is a file name or identifier for page layout software. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the blank spaces between each letter in 'S P E L L M A N'?

<p>To add visual space to break it up into 2 words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of chapters 1 and 2?

<p>Key political developments within a bipolar world order, viewed from outside the superpower countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective does the text claim to use while discussing events related to the bipolar world order?

<p>The perspectives of states and peoples outside the superpower countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key method used in examining the ‘bipolar world order’ in the text?

<p>Focusing on the experiences of states and peoples external to the main superpower influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'bipolar world order' in the context of the text?

<p>A world order characterized by two dominant 'superpower' countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what does it mean to 'treat events' in relation to the bipolar world order?

<p>To analyze the events from the viewpoint of states and peoples outside this structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element the text uses in its approach to 'the bipolar world order'?

<p>A conscious effort not to view the political developments from the perspective of only of the super powers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text approach political developments?

<p>By considering the viewpoints of those states and peoples who were not inside the super power countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the 'states and peoples' that the text emphasizes?

<p>Those that existed outside of the major super power nations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could a reader expect from the analysis of the bipolar world order in chapters 1 and 2?

<p>An account that is from the perspective of states and people outside of the super power nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'outside the boundaries of the superpower countries' within the text?

<p>It highlights the perspective from which the events of the bipolar world order are examined. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurred first?

<p>The first commercial electricity generation by atomic reactor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The year 1979 is notable for which combination of events?

<p>The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Iranian revolution, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, and the first baby from artificial insemination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant demographic milestone was reached around 1999?

<p>The world population passed 6 billion people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nation was the first sub-Saharan African country to achieve independence?

<p>Ghana (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these technological advancements were introduced after the first IBM personal computer?

<p>The World Wide Web and the first satellite global positioning system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did a major global recession begin?

<p>2008 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first year in which multiple terrorist attacks occurred in different major cities?

<p>2004 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of an event and its year?

<p>The first moon landing - 1969. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the year in which both the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) were established?

<p>1993 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these locations experienced a major disaster due to nuclear power?

<p>Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Authoritarian Governance

A political system where a single entity holds power, limiting personal freedoms.

Democratic Governance

A system where power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.

Cultural Fragmentation

The division of society into distinct groups with varying cultural identities and practices.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Tensions in Governance

Conflicts between different governance structures, such as authoritarianism vs. democracy.

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21st Century Challenges

Modern issues individuals face, including governance and cultural identity.

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Interdependent World

A world where countries and cultures rely on each other economically, socially, and politically.

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Bipolar World Order

A global political structure divided primarily between two superpowers.

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Political Developments

Significant changes or events that influence governance and politics.

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Superpower Countries

Nations with significant political, military, and economic influence globally.

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Perspective of States

The viewpoint or stance of a country regarding events and policies.

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Peoples Outside Superpowers

Groups and nations not aligned with the leading global powers.

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Global Political Structure

The arrangement of power and influence among various nations.

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Key Events

Noteworthy occurrences that have shaped history and politics.

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Historical Perspective

Understanding past events within their context and significance.

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Influence of Non-Superpowers

The impact that smaller nations have on global issues and decisions.

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Boundaries of Superpower Influence

The limits within which superpowers exert their control or influence.

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Concise History

A brief overview of significant global events since 1945.

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Post-1945 Era

The time period after World War II affecting global politics and relations.

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States and Peoples

The relationship and interactions between countries and their populations.

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Significant Global Events

Key happenings that had a major impact on world history after 1945.

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Cold War

A period of tension and rivalry between the US and USSR post-1945.

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Decolonization

The process of countries gaining independence from colonial powers after WWII.

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Civil Rights Movement

Social movements aimed at ending racial discrimination, mainly in the US during the 1950s-60s.

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Environmental Awareness

Rising recognition of environmental issues and sustainability since the late 20th century.

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Non-Western skilled migration

Migration of highly skilled workers from non-Western countries to the US or other regions.

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Highly skilled migration

Movement of individuals with advanced skills or education, often for work opportunities.

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South Asian migration

Movement of people from South Asia, primarily for employment in oil-rich Arab states.

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Oil-producing Arab states

Countries in the Arab region that generate substantial income from oil production.

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Economic opportunities

Job prospects and career advancement in a specific location that attract migrants.

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United Nations (UN)

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

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Berlin Wall

A barrier that divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, symbolizing the Cold War divide.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the USA and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba, a pivotal Cold War moment.

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Dissolution of Soviet Union

The official breakup of the USSR in 1991, leading to the independence of several republics.

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization established in 1993 to promote trade and economic cooperation among countries.

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Human Genome Project

A groundbreaking project completed in 2003 that mapped all human genes.

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Climate Change Accord

An agreement made in 2015 to address global climate change, aiming to limit temperature rise.

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Arab Spring

A series of anti-government protests and uprisings across the Arab world starting in 2010.

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COVID-19 Pandemic

A global outbreak of the coronavirus disease that began in 2019 and caused widespread health and economic challenges.

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Study Notes

Key Tensions in 20th/21st Century Global History

  • The study examines key historical events since 1945, highlighting the tension between democratic and authoritarian governance.
  • Another central tension is the conflict between cultural fragmentation and globalization.

Timeline of Key Political Events (1945-2020)

  • 1945: United Nations established.
  • 1947: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan introduced; India and Pakistan gain independence.
  • 1948: State of Israel established; Berlin Blockade.
  • 1949: NATO formed; Communist victory in China; Republic of Indonesia established.
  • 1950: Korean War begins.
  • 1953: Death of Stalin.
  • 1955: Warsaw Pact established.
  • 1956: Suez Crisis; French withdrawal from Vietnam; Soviet invasion of Hungary.
  • 1957: Ghana becomes first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence; Great Leap Forward begins.
  • 1960: Eighteen African nations gain independence.
  • 1961: Berlin Wall constructed.
  • 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • 1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) founded; American Civil Rights Act passed.
  • 1966: Great Cultural Revolution begins.
  • 1967: Arab-Israeli war.
  • 1968: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
  • 1974: Nixon resigns.
  • 1975: End of Vietnam War; Helsinki Agreement.
  • 1976: Death of Mao Zedong.
  • 1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; Iranian revolution.
  • 1980: Solidarity union founded in Poland.
  • 1985: Gorbachev assumes power.
  • 1989: Fall of communism in Eastern Europe; Tiananmen Square massacre.
  • 1991: Dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  • 1992: War in former Yugoslavia.
  • 1994: Democratic elections in South Africa.
  • 1998: Hindu nationalists win Indian general election.
  • 2001: Palestinian intifada; Terrorist attacks in New York and Washington; Overthrow of Taliban.
  • 2003: US and British invasion of Iraq.
  • 2004: Terrorist attacks in Madrid and London. NATO and EU expand east.
  • 2008: Global recession begins; Barack Obama elected.
  • 2010: European sovereign debt crisis.
  • 2011: Beginning of the Arab Spring and Syrian civil war; Iraq War ends;
  • 2014: ISIS declares caliphate; Russia annexes Crimea.
  • 2016: UK votes to leave EU; Failed coup attempt in Turkey.
  • 2017: North Korea tests missiles; US withdrawal from Paris climate accord.
  • 2018: China abolishes presidential term limits.
  • 2020: Britain leaves EU; US president impeached; COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.

Economic and Demographic Developments (1945-2020)

  • Key Economic/Demographic developments are documented from 1945 to 2020.
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank established in 1945.

Technological and Scientific Advancements (1945-2020)

  • Key scientific and technological developments such as transistor (1947), hydrogen bomb (1951), double helix structure of DNA, (1953), first man in space Yuri Gagarin (1961), first moon landing (1969), internet (1991), first iPhone (2007), and the advent of 5G technology (2020) are briefly mentioned.

Cultural and Social Changes

  • Migration patterns, (non-Western highly skilled migration to Western countries, South Asian migration to Arab states) are considered examples of interconnectedness due to modern events.
  • Changes in status of women and minorities in western countries are also highlighted.

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