Key Figures in Psychology Research

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Questions and Answers

In Ancel Keys' semi-starvation experiment, what psychological change was MOST consistently observed among participants?

  • Increased social interaction and cooperation.
  • Obsessive thoughts about food and altered eating habits. (correct)
  • Decreased cognitive function and problem-solving abilities.
  • Heightened emotional stability and resilience.

In the Schachter-Singer experiment, participants injected with epinephrine and not informed of its effects experienced different emotions based on their environment. This experiment MOST directly provides evidence for which theory of emotion?

  • Opponent-Process Theory
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Two-Factor Theory (correct)
  • James-Lange Theory

Walter Cannon's research on stress primarily focused on what?

  • The physiological responses to acute stress, such as the 'fight or flight' response. (correct)
  • The role of social support in mitigating the effects of stress.
  • The cognitive appraisal of stressors and their impact on emotional well-being.
  • The long-term effects of chronic stress on the immune system.

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

<p>Simultaneously feeling fear and experiencing a racing heart upon seeing a snake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, which comes FIRST?

<p>The physiological response to a stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the body's response to stress in three phases. Which of the following is the correct order of these phases?

<p>Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Al Washburn's research involving hunger pains primarily demonstrated what?

<p>Stomach contractions are correlated with feelings of hunger. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Zajonc's, LeDoux's, and Lazarus's theories collectively contribute to our understanding of the relationship between cognition and emotion?

<p>They suggest that some emotional reactions occur before or without conscious thought. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need MUST be met BEFORE an individual can fully address safety and security needs?

<p>Physiological (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Opponent-Process Theory of emotion, if a person experiences intense fear during a skydiving jump, what might they experience immediately afterward?

<p>A contrasting feeling of relief and exhilaration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ancel Keys' Experiment

Experimented with semi-starvation diets and observed the physical and psychological effects on participants, noting significant negative impacts.

Schachter-Singer Experiment

Conducted an experiment where participants' physiological arousal was manipulated and attributed to different emotions depending on the context, showing emotion requires both physical arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Walter Cannon's Stress Research

Pioneered work on the fight-or-flight response and the body's reaction to stress.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

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James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

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Hans Selye's Stress Response

Describes general adaptation syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.

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Al Washburn's Hunger Experiment

Showed that hunger is partially caused by stomach contractions.

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Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

Studied how cognition influences emotion, with some emotional responses occurring instantly without conscious appraisal.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological theory describing a hierarchy of five levels of human needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

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Opponent Process Theory

Emotions have pairs; when one is experienced, the other is suppressed.

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Study Notes

  • Overview of key figures and their contributions to psychological research

Ancel Keys

  • Conducted the Minnesota Semi-Starvation Experiment
  • Aimed to study the physical and psychological effects of prolonged calorie restriction
  • Findings revealed significant negative impacts of semi-starvation on participants' mental and physical health, including:
    • Increased irritability
    • Depression
    • Obsessive thoughts about food

Schachter and Singer

  • Known for the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
  • Experiment involved injecting participants with epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Showed that emotions arise from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
  • Demonstrated that individuals interpret their arousal based on environmental cues to determine the emotion they experience

Walter Cannon

  • Pioneering work in stress physiology
  • Known for the "fight or flight" response
  • Described the body's physiological reactions to perceived threats, involving:
    • Increased heart rate
    • Blood pressure
    • Release of stress hormones

Cannon-Bard Theory

  • Theory of emotion posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently
  • Emotional stimulus triggers both a physical response and a subjective feeling at the same time

James-Lange Theory

  • Theory suggests that emotions result from the interpretation of physiological responses to stimuli
  • Emotional experience is secondary to the awareness of bodily changes

Hans Selye

  • Developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of stress
  • GAS describes the body's long-term response to stress in three stages:
    • Alarm
    • Resistance
    • Exhaustion

Al Washburn

  • Notable for his research on hunger and gastric activity
  • Famously swallowed a balloon to measure stomach contractions
  • Found a correlation between hunger pangs and stomach contractions

Robert Zajonc, Joseph LeDoux, and Richard Lazarus

  • Explored the influence of cognition on emotion
  • Zajonc argued that some emotional responses occur instantly, without conscious appraisal
  • LeDoux emphasized the role of the amygdala in rapid emotional responses
  • Lazarus highlighted the importance of cognitive appraisal in determining emotional reactions

Abraham Maslow

  • Proposed the Hierarchy of Needs
  • Illustrates the progression of human needs, from basic physiological requirements to self-fulfillment
  • Hierarchy includes:
    • Physiological needs (food, water, shelter)
    • Safety needs (security, stability)
    • Love and belonging needs (relationships, intimacy)
    • Esteem needs (confidence, achievement)
    • Self-actualization needs (fulfilling one's potential)
  • Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed

Opponent-Process Theory (Robert Solomon)

  • Explains motivation and emotion
  • Suggests that every emotional experience triggers an opposing emotion
  • After repeated exposure to a stimulus, the initial emotional response weakens, while the opponent process strengthens

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