Key Concepts in Physics

Classical Mechanics
- Studies the motion of objects and the forces acting upon them.
- Key principles: Newton's Laws of Motion, conservation laws (energy, momentum).
Thermodynamics
- Focuses on heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
- Core laws:
  - 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  - 2nd Law: Entropy of isolated systems always increases.
  - 3rd Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.
Electromagnetism
- Governs electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
- Key equations: Coulomb's Law, Faraday's Law, Maxwell's Equations.
- Concepts: electric charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic waves.
Wave Mechanics
- Describes the behavior of waves (sound, light, etc.).
- Key properties: wavelength, frequency, speed, amplitude.
- Types: transverse and longitudinal waves.
Quantum Mechanics
- The study of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key principles: wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement.
- Important models: Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Relativity
- Explains the relationship between space, time, and gravity.
- Key theories: Special Relativity (effects of high speeds) and General Relativity (effects of gravity on spacetime).
Nuclear Physics
- The study of atomic nuclei and their interactions.
- Concepts: nuclear fission, fusion, radioactive decay.
- Applications: nuclear energy, medical imaging.
Astrophysics
- The application of physics to understand celestial bodies and the universe.
- Key areas: cosmology, stellar physics, black holes, gravitational waves.

Fundamental Units

SI Units:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Electric Current: ampere (A)
- Temperature: kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance: mole (mol)
- Luminous Intensity: candela (cd)

Key Formulas

Kinematics:
- v = u + at
- s = ut + 1/2 at²
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 mv²
- Potential Energy (PE) = mgh
Momentum:
- p = mv (momentum = mass x velocity)
Ohm's Law:
- V = IR (voltage = current x resistance)

Problem-Solving Tips

Identify the known and unknown variables.
Choose the appropriate formula based on the concepts involved.
Consider the units of measurement and convert when necessary.
Apply the principles and laws of physics systematically to solve problems.

Classical Mechanics

Focuses on the motion of objects and the forces acting on them.
Key principles: Newton's Laws of Motion, Conservation Laws (energy, momentum).

Thermodynamics

Studies heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
Key laws:
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system always increases, meaning disorder increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin), the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

Electromagnetism

Deals with electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Key equations: Coulomb's Law, Faraday's Law, Maxwell's Equations.
Concepts: electric charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic waves.

Wave Mechanics

Describes the behavior of waves like sound, light, and water waves.
Key properties: wavelength, frequency, speed, and amplitude.
Two types: transverse and longitudinal waves.

Quantum Mechanics

Studies matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Key principles: wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement.
Models: Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Relativity

Explains the relationship between space, time, and gravity.
Key theories:
- Special Relativity: Focuses on the effects of high speeds on time, space, mass, and energy.
- General Relativity: Explains gravity as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.

Nuclear Physics

Studies atomic nuclei and their interactions.
Concepts: nuclear fission, fusion, radioactive decay.
Applications: nuclear energy and medical imaging.

Astrophysics

Applies physics to understand celestial bodies and the universe.
Key areas: cosmology, stellar physics, black holes, and gravitational waves.

Fundamental Units

SI Units:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Electric Current: ampere (A)
- Temperature: kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance: mole (mol)
- Luminous Intensity: candela (cd)

Key Formulas

Kinematics:
- Velocity (v) = Initial Velocity (u) + acceleration (a) x time (t)
- Distance (s) = Initial Velocity (u) x time (t) + 1/2 x acceleration (a) x time (t)²
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 x mass (m) x velocity (v)²
- Potential Energy (PE) = mass (m) x gravitational acceleration (g) x height (h)
Momentum:
- Momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v)
Ohm's Law:
- Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R)