Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; includes electric and magnetic forces.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). This explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force.
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv², where m = mass, v = velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on position; gravitational PE = mgh, where h = height.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy is conserved; the change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system can only increase; heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Frequency: Number of oscillations per unit time; measured in Hertz (Hz).
Wavelength: Distance between successive crests of a wave; inversely related to frequency.
Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position; related to the energy of the wave.

Ohm's Law: V = IR, where V = voltage, I = current, R = resistance.
Electric Field: A field around charged particles that exerts a force on other charged particles.
Magnetic Field: Created by moving electric charges; can exert forces on other moving charges.

Relativity: Introduced by Einstein; includes Special Relativity (time dilation, length contraction) and General Relativity (gravity as curvature of spacetime).
Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels; includes concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.

Engineering: Design of structures and machinery.
Astrophysics: Study of celestial bodies and the universe.
Medical Physics: Use of physics concepts in medicine, such as imaging technologies.

Gravitational Force binds masses together based on the principle that all objects with mass attract each other.
Electromagnetic Force governs interactions between charged particles, encompassing both electric and magnetic forces.
Strong Nuclear Force is essential for the stability of atomic nuclei, overcoming repulsive forces between protons.
Weak Nuclear Force facilitates processes like radioactive decay and certain types of particle interactions.

Newton's First Law posits that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless influenced by an external force.
Newton's Second Law defines the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, indicated by the equation F = ma, essential for predicting motion changes.
Newton's Third Law asserts that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, highlighting conservation during interactions.

Kinetic Energy represents the energy of an object in motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², signifying the mass and velocity influence.
Potential Energy reflects stored energy based on an object's position, with gravitational potential energy given by PE = mgh, linking height and gravitational force.
Conservation of Energy principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms.

Zeroth Law explains thermal equilibrium, stating if two systems are balanced with a third, they are mutually balanced.
First Law of Thermodynamics emphasizes energy conservation, indicating changes in internal energy relate to heat transfer and work done.
Second Law infers that in an isolated system, entropy tends to increase, preventing spontaneous heat flow from colder to warmer areas.
Third Law conveys that entropy approaches zero as temperature nears absolute zero, applying to ideal crystals.

Frequency quantifies wave oscillations per second, measured in Hertz (Hz), crucial for sound and electromagnetic waves.
Wavelength is the physical distance between consecutive wave peaks, inversely proportional to frequency, influencing wave behavior.
Amplitude indicates maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position and correlates with the energy carried by the wave.

Ohm's Law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) with the formula V = IR, foundational for electrical circuits.
Electric Field describes the influence of charged particles in a region, affecting other nearby charges.
Magnetic Field arises from moving electric charges and can impact other charges in motion, pivotal in electromagnetic applications.

Relativity, formulated by Einstein, revolutionizes understanding of space and time, incorporating effects like time dilation and gravitational interactions based on curvature.
Quantum Mechanics delves into behaviors at subatomic levels, introducing principles such as wave-particle duality, which describes the dual nature of light and matter.

Kinematics: Describes motion, given by ( d = vt + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ).
Momentum: Defined as ( p = mv ), showing mass times velocity.
Work: Calculated using ( W = Fd \cos(\theta) ), dependent on force applied over distance.
Power: Expressed as ( P = \frac{W}{t} ), measuring work done over time.

Engineering involves applying physics principles for designing structures and machines efficiently.
Astrophysics focuses on understanding universal phenomena and celestial dynamics.
Medical Physics utilizes physics in healthcare innovations, particularly advanced imaging techniques.

Master core physics concepts before progressing to the memorization of formulas.
Engage in problem-solving with varied scenarios to solidify understanding.
Connect physics concepts with practical real-world applications for enhanced comprehension.