Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses, described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles, encompassing electric and magnetic forces.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, overcoming electromagnetic repulsion.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration), relating force, mass, and acceleration.
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: Defined as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement direction.
Kinetic Energy: Given by KE = 1/2 mv² (m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential Energy: Gravitational potential energy EP = mgh (m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic processes (ΔU = Q - W).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter bodies.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed (v = fλ).
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light).
Simple Harmonic Motion: Oscillation about an equilibrium position, characterized by a restoring force proportional to the displacement.

Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
Coulomb's Law: Force between two charged objects is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Faraday's Law of Induction: A changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor.

Quantum Mechanics: Describes physical phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Principles that govern the physics of moving bodies, including time dilation and length contraction.
- General Relativity: Theory of gravitation describing gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Units: SI units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela).
Significant Figures: Indicate precision in measurements.
Dimensional Analysis: Technique to check the consistency of equations with respect to their dimensional units.

This structured overview highlights foundational concepts in physics essential for understanding the subject.

Gravity attracts objects with mass, explained by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
Electromagnetic forces govern interactions between charged particles, including electricity and magnetism.
The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together within atomic nuclei, overcoming their electrostatic repulsion.
The weak nuclear force governs radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

Newton's First Law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
Newton's Second Law defines the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration: force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work is defined as the force applied over a distance, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between them.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv² (m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy EP = mgh (m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height).
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in thermodynamic processes, expressed as ΔU = Q - W (change in internal energy = heat added - work done).
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy of an isolated system always increases (disorder increases). It also states that heat can’t spontaneously flow from a colder to hotter body.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Waves are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and speed (v = fλ).
Mechanical waves require a medium to propagate (e.g., sound waves).
Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum (e.g., light).
Simple harmonic motion describes oscillations about an equilibrium position, characterized by a restoring force proportional to the displacement.

Ohm's Law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
Coulomb's Law describes the force between two charged objects, proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Faraday's Law of Induction states that a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor.

Quantum mechanics describes physical phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels, introducing concepts like wave- particle duality and the uncertainty principle.
Special Relativity explores the physics of objects moving at high speeds, including time dilation and length contraction.
General Relativity explains gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

The International System of Units (SI) uses standard units for measurements (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela).
Significant figures indicate the precision of measurements.
Dimensional analysis helps check the consistency of equations by analyzing their dimensional units.