Key Concepts in Physics

Kinematics: Study of motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration).
Dynamics: Forces and their effects on motion (Newton's laws of motion).
Work and Energy: Work done by forces; kinetic and potential energy; conservation of energy principle.
Momentum: Product of mass and velocity; conservation of momentum in closed systems.

Temperature and Heat: Measurement of thermal energy; heat transfer methods (conduction, convection, radiation).
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy conservation (energy in = work done + heat out).
- Second Law: Entropy and the direction of spontaneous processes.
- Third Law: Absolute zero and entropy.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves: Mechanical (sound) and electromagnetic (light).
Superposition Principle: Interference of waves and formation of standing waves.

Electric Charge: Fundamental property; laws of electrostatics (Coulomb's law).
Electric Fields and Potential: Concept of field lines; potential difference and voltage.
Current and Circuits: Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, and power in electrical systems.
Magnetism: Magnetic fields; electromagnetic induction (Faraday's law).

Relativity: Einstein's theory; impact of speed on time and space (time dilation, length contraction).
Quantum Mechanics: Particle-wave duality; uncertainty principle; quantum states and superposition.
Atomic Structure: Protons, neutrons, electrons; atomic models (Bohr model, quantum mechanical model).

Optics: Behavior of light; reflection, refraction, lenses, and optical instruments.
Nuclear Physics: Radioactivity; fission and fusion; applications in energy and medicine.
Astrophysics: Study of stars, galaxies, and cosmological phenomena.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws: Energy, momentum, and charge are conserved in isolated systems.

SI Units:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Energy: Joule (J)
- Charge: Coulomb (C)

Kinematics: Analyzes motion involving displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics: Focuses on forces acting on objects as described by Newton's laws of motion.
Work and Energy: Accounts for work done by forces, differentiates between kinetic and potential energy, and outlines the conservation of energy principle.
Momentum: Defined as the product of mass and velocity; obeys the conservation principle in closed systems.

Temperature and Heat: Quantifies thermal energy and identifies heat transfer methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: States that energy is conserved (input energy equals work done plus heat transferred out).
- Second Law: Introduces entropy, dictating the direction of spontaneous processes.
- Third Law: Relates to absolute zero, which signifies minimum entropy.

Wave Properties: Essential characteristics include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Types of Waves: Divided into mechanical waves (like sound) and electromagnetic waves (such as light).
Superposition Principle: Describes how waves interfere, resulting in patterns like standing waves.

Electric Charge: A fundamental characteristic; governed by electrostatic laws, particularly Coulomb's law.
Electric Fields and Potential: Visualized through field lines; potential difference defines voltage.
Current and Circuits: Governed by Ohm's law; key concepts include series and parallel circuits along with electrical power.
Magnetism: Engages with magnetic fields and the principles of electromagnetic induction, notably Faraday's law.

Relativity: Explores Einstein’s theories, which detail how speed affects time (time dilation) and space (length contraction).
Quantum Mechanics: Discusses particle-wave duality, the uncertainty principle, and the concept of quantum superposition.
Atomic Structure: Comprises protons, neutrons, and electrons along with models such as the Bohr model and quantum mechanical model.

Optics: Studies the behavior of light through phenomena like reflection, refraction, lenses, and optical devices.
Nuclear Physics: Investigates radioactivity, fission, fusion, and their applications in energy generation and medicine.
Astrophysics: Examines celestial bodies, galaxies, and large-scale cosmological phenomena.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- An object will stay in motion or at rest unless acted upon.
- Force is the product of mass and acceleration (F=ma).
- Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws: Energy, momentum, and electric charge are conserved in isolated systems.