Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force
- Attraction between masses.
- Governs motion of planets and objects on Earth.
Electromagnetic Force
- Acts between charged particles.
- Responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force
- Responsible for radioactive decay.
- Plays a key role in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force
- Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.
- Overcomes the repulsion between positively charged protons.

Newton's Laws of Motion
1. First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force.
2. Second Law (F=ma): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
3. Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics
- Study of motion without considering forces.
- Key equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Energy
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
- Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position, e.g., gravitational PE = mgh.

Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

Wave Properties
- Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
- Types of waves: mechanical (require medium) and electromagnetic (do not require medium).
Simple Harmonic Motion
- Motion characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement.
- Examples: pendulum, mass-spring system.

Relativity
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; speed of light is constant for all observers.
- General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.
Quantum Mechanics
- Behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key concepts: wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantization of energy.

Electric Fields: Regions around charged objects where they exert force on other charges.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; influence moving charged particles.
Maxwell's Equations: Describe how electric and magnetic fields interact and propagate.

Atomic Structure
- Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Nucleus contains protons and neutrons, electrons orbit the nucleus.
Nuclear Reactions
- Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei.
- Fusion: Combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

Engineering and Technology: Application of physics principles in designing structures, electronics, and machines.
Medical Physics: Use of physics in medicine, e.g., imaging technologies and radiation therapy.

Gravitational Force: Attracts masses, governs planetary motion and objects on Earth.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts on charged particles, responsible for phenomena like electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force: Facilitates radioactive decay, integral to nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, counteracts proton repulsion.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law (Inertia): Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force.
- Second Law (F=ma): Force equals mass times acceleration; fundamental relation in dynamics.
- Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Focuses on motion descriptions using key equations that relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy associated with motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
- Potential Energy (PE): Energy based on position, e.g., gravitational potential energy calculated as PE = mgh.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: Thermal equilibrium principle among multiple systems.
- First Law: Energy conservation principle; energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
- Third Law: As temperature nears absolute zero, system entropy approaches a minimum.

Wave Properties: Defined by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. Can be mechanical (require a medium) or electromagnetic (do not require a medium).
Simple Harmonic Motion: Movement where restoring force is proportional to displacement, common examples include pendulums and mass-spring systems.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Introduces the idea that time and space are relative, with constant light speed for all observers.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime, influenced by mass.
Quantum Mechanics: Explores particle behavior at atomic levels; key concepts include wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, and energy quantization.

Electric Fields: Areas around charged objects affecting other charges via force.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges, they affect the trajectory of other moving charged particles.
Maxwell's Equations: Fundamental equations illustrating the interaction and propagation of electric and magnetic fields.

Atomic Structure: Comprises protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus contains the former, while electrons orbit around it.
Nuclear Reactions:
- Fission: Heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei.
- Fusion: Light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.

Engineering and Technology: Applying physics to design structures, machinery, and electronics effectively.
Medical Physics: Incorporation of physics in medicine practices, notably in imaging technologies and radiation therapy.