Key Concepts in Physics

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces.
- Displacement, velocity, acceleration.
Dynamics: Study of forces and their effects on motion.
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
  2. F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion, KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy, PE = mgh (for gravitational potential energy).
Conservation of Energy: Energy in a closed system remains constant.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
2. Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3. Absolute zero cannot be reached (third law).
Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation.

Types of Waves: Mechanical (require a medium) and electromagnetic (do not require a medium).
Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Interference: Constructive and destructive interference patterns.

Electric Charge: Positive and negative charges; like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving charges; described by the right-hand rule.

Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.
- Wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time dilation and length contraction at high speeds.
- General Relativity: Gravity as the curvature of spacetime.

Atomic Structure: Protons, neutrons, electrons; atomic number and mass number.
Radioactivity: Decay of unstable nuclei, types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma).
Nuclear Reactions: Fission (splitting of nuclei) and fusion (combining nuclei).

Properties of Fluids: Density, pressure, buoyancy.
Bernoulli's Principle: An increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure.

Reflection and Refraction: Behavior of light when it hits surfaces or passes through different media.
Lenses and Mirrors: Converging and diverging effects; image formation.

Kinematics involves analyzing motion to define parameters such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration without external forces.
Dynamics revolves around the impact of forces on motion, classified under Newton's three laws of motion.
- First Law: Objects remain at rest or continue in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- Second Law: Force (F) is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) represented by F = ma.
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy associated with moving objects, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE) is the stored energy due to an object's position, commonly expressed as PE = mgh, with g representing gravitational acceleration and h height.
The Conservation of Energy principle states that within a closed system, the total energy remains constant.

Laws of Thermodynamics guide energy behavior:
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms.
- Second Law: In an isolated system, entropy, or disorder, tends to increase over time.
- Third Law: Absolute zero temperature cannot be reached.
Heat Transfer occurs through three primary methods: conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation (electromagnetic waves).

Wave Types are categorized into mechanical waves (requiring a medium) and electromagnetic waves (able to travel through a vacuum).
Key Wave Properties include wavelength (distance between peaks), frequency (number of cycles per second), amplitude (height from the equilibrium position), and speed.
Interference refers to the phenomenon where waves overlap, resulting in constructive interference (amplitude increases) or destructive interference (amplitude decreases).

Electric Charge exists in two forms: positive and negative, where like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
Ohm's Law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) with the formula V = IR.
Magnetic Fields arise from the movement of electric charges, typically analyzed using the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the field.

Quantum Mechanics examines behavior on atomic and subatomic scales, highlighting concepts such as wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.
Relativity consists of two frameworks:
- Special Relativity introduces concepts of time dilation and length contraction at relativistic speeds.
- General Relativity explains gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Atomic Structure includes protons, neutrons, and electrons, defined by atomic and mass numbers.
Radioactivity is the process by which unstable nuclei decay, with three key types: alpha (helium nuclei emission), beta (electron or positron emission), and gamma (high-energy photon emission).
Nuclear Reactions encompass fission (splitting of heavy nuclei) and fusion (combining light nuclei), both releasing significant amounts of energy.

Important Fluid Properties include density (mass per unit volume), pressure (force per unit area), and buoyancy (upward force in fluids).
Bernoulli's Principle states that an increase in fluid velocity correlates with a decrease in pressure within the fluid stream.

Reflection and Refraction describe light behavior upon encountering surfaces or transitioning between different media.
Lenses and Mirrors can converge or diverge light rays, affecting image formation depending on their shape and positioning.

Emphasize grasping core principles and foundational laws in physics.
Regularly practice problem-solving to reinforce comprehension of concepts.
Utilize diagrams to aid understanding of complex subjects, especially mechanics and optics.
Engage in laboratory work to relate theoretical concepts to real-world applications.