Key Concepts in Physics

Newton's Laws of Motion
- 1st Law: Inertia; an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
- 2nd Law: F = ma; net force equals mass times acceleration.
- 3rd Law: Action-reaction; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics
- Describes motion without considering its causes.
- Key equations relate distance, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics
- Study of forces and their effects on motion.
- Includes concepts of friction, tension, and gravity.

Kinetic Energy (KE)
- KE = 1/2 mv² (m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential Energy (PE)
- Gravitational PE = mgh (m = mass, g = gravitational acceleration, h = height).
Conservation of Energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.

Laws of Thermodynamics
- 1st Law: Energy conservation in closed systems.
- 2nd Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Heat Transfer
- Conduction, convection, and radiation.

Wave Properties
- Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves
- Mechanical (requires medium) vs. Electromagnetic (does not require medium).
Sound Waves
- Longitudinal waves; speed depends on medium.

Ohm's Law
- V = IR (V = voltage, I = current, R = resistance).
Circuits
- Series and parallel circuits; total resistance and current calculations.
Magnetic Fields
- Produced by moving charges; affects charged particles in motion.

Relativity
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; E=mc² (energy-mass equivalence).
Quantum Mechanics
- Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Concepts include wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.

Four Fundamental Forces
- Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear.
Interactions
- Govern the behavior of matter and energy in the universe.

Engineering
- Application of physics principles in designing structures, machines, and systems.
Technology
- Development of electronic devices, medical imaging, and renewable energy solutions.

SI Units
- Length (meter), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), temperature (kelvin).
Dimensional Analysis
- Technique for checking equations by analyzing the units involved.

Newton's Laws of Motion: Describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, leading to its motion.
- 1st Law: Objects remain in their state of motion unless acted upon by an external force (law of inertia).
- 2nd Law: The net force acting on an object equals its mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Examines motion without addressing its causes; includes equations that connect distance, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics: Investigates forces impacting motion, such as friction, tension, and gravitational force.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Defined as KE = 1/2 mv²; it is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, determined by its mass and velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Gravitational potential energy is given by PE = mgh, where m equals mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and h indicates height above a reference point.
Conservation of Energy: States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between different forms.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- 1st Law: Conservation of energy within closed systems.
- 2nd Law: Entropy in isolated systems tends to increase; heat naturally moves from hot to cold areas.
Heat Transfer: Involves three mechanisms: conduction (through materials), convection (in fluids), and radiation (emission of energy in waves).

Wave Properties: Key characteristics include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical waves require a medium to travel (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium (e.g., light).
Sound Waves: A type of longitudinal wave where the speed of sound depends on the medium through which it travels.

Ohm's Law: Describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit, represented as V = IR.
Circuits:
- Series circuits have a single path for current; total resistance equals the sum of resistances.
- Parallel circuits provide multiple paths; total current equals the sum of currents through each path.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving electric charges; they influence the behavior of other charged particles in motion.

Relativity: Special relativity revolutionizes the concepts of time and space, summarized by the equation E = mc², explaining energy-mass equivalence.
Quantum Mechanics: Explores particle behavior at atomic and subatomic levels, introducing principles like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.

Four Fundamental Forces:
- Gravitational: Attraction between masses.
- Electromagnetic: Interaction between charged particles.
- Strong nuclear: Binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Weak nuclear: Responsible for certain types of particle decay.
Interactions: These forces govern the interactions of matter and energy throughout the universe.

Engineering: Utilizes physics principles for the design and construction of structures, machines, and systems.
Technology: Facilitates innovation in electronic devices, medical imaging technologies, and renewable energy sources.

SI Units: Standard units of measurement include meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), and kelvin (temperature).
Dimensional Analysis: A method used to verify the dimensional consistency of equations, ensuring that both sides have the same units.