Key Concepts in Physics

Classical Mechanics
- Laws of motion (Newton's Laws).
- Concepts of force, energy, and momentum.
Thermodynamics
- Study of heat, work, and energy transfer.
- Laws of thermodynamics (e.g., conservation of energy).
Electromagnetism
- Forces and fields associated with electric charges and magnetic materials.
- Key laws: Coulomb's law, Faraday's law, Maxwell's equations.
Optics
- Study of light and its behavior (reflection, refraction, diffraction).
- Wave-particle duality and the nature of electromagnetic waves.
Quantum Physics
- Behavior of matter and energy on atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key principles: uncertainty principle, wave functions, quantum entanglement.
Relativity
- Special relativity: physics in the absence of gravity; time dilation and length contraction.
- General relativity: gravitational effects on space-time.

Force: Interaction that changes the motion of an object (measured in Newtons).
Energy: Ability to perform work (kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.); measured in Joules.
Mass vs. Weight:
- Mass: amount of matter in an object (measured in kilograms).
- Weight: gravitational force acting on an object (mass x acceleration due to gravity).

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed.
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum before and after an event remains constant.

Engineering: Application of physical principles in design and construction.
Medicine: Use of physics in imaging (e.g., MRI, X-rays).
Technology: Development of electronic devices, communications, and transportation systems.

Physics investigates how matter and energy interact, encompassing everything from the universe's vastness to the tiniest particles. It's a fundamental science, laying the groundwork for other scientific disciplines.

Classical Mechanics: This branch deals with motion laws, including Newton's Laws, which govern how objects move under forces.
Thermodynamics: It explores heat, work, and energy transfer. Key concepts include the laws of thermodynamics, which address energy conservation and transformations.
Electromagnetism: This branch studies the forces and fields associated with electric charges and magnetic materials. It's governed by fundamental laws like Coulomb's law, Faraday's law, and Maxwell's equations.
Optics: This branch investigates the nature and behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction. It explores the wave-particle duality of light, demonstrating its electromagnetic wave nature.
Quantum Physics: This branch studies the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level. Key principles include the uncertainty principle, wave functions, and quantum entanglement.
Relativity: This branch encompasses two key theories: Special Relativity focuses on physics in the absence of gravity, explaining concepts like time dilation and length contraction. General Relativity deals with the effects of gravity on space-time.

Force: A fundamental interaction that changes an object's motion, measured in Newtons.
Energy: The ability to perform work, encompassing various forms like kinetic, potential, and thermal energies. Measured in Joules.
Mass vs. Weight:
- Mass: Represents the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms.
- Weight: Represents the force of gravity acting on an object, calculated as mass multiplied by acceleration due to gravity.

Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force = mass x acceleration). This law describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
Kinetic Energy: KE = 1/2 mv². This formula calculates the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Potential Energy: PE = mgh (mass x gravity x height). This formula calculates the energy an object possesses due to its position in a gravitational field.
Work: W = Fd (Work = Force x distance). This formula calculates the work done by a force acting over a certain distance.
Power: P = W/t (Power = Work done over time). This formula calculates the rate at which work is performed.

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another.
Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum before and after an event remains constant.

Engineering: Physics principles form the foundation for design and construction in various engineering disciplines.
Medicine: Physics plays a crucial role in medical imaging technologies like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-rays.
Technology: Physics drives the advancement of electronic devices, communications, and transportation systems.

Isaac Newton: Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, significantly impacting our understanding of the universe.
Albert Einstein: Revolutionized physics with his theory of relativity, exploring concepts like space-time, energy-mass equivalence, and the nature of gravity.
Niels Bohr: Made significant contributions to quantum theory and atomic structure, explaining the behavior of electrons in atoms.
Richard Feynman: Advanced the study of quantum electrodynamics and particle physics, contributing to our understanding of fundamental particles and forces.