Key Concepts in Physics

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- 1st Law: Inertia; an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon.
- 2nd Law: F = ma; force equals mass times acceleration.
- 3rd Law: Action-reaction; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Study of motion without considering its causes.
- Key equations for velocity, acceleration, and displacement.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- 2nd Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; energy transformations are not 100% efficient.
- 3rd Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation.

Coulomb's Law: Describes the force between two charged objects.
Electric Fields: Region around a charged object where it exerts force on other charges.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges and magnetic materials; described by the right-hand rule.
Maxwell's Equations: Four fundamental equations describing electromagnetism.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Principles of time dilation and length contraction; E=mc².
- General Relativity: Gravity as curvature of spacetime.
Quantum Mechanics:
- Wave-particle duality; Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
- Quantum states and superposition.

Gravity: Fundamental force governing celestial bodies.
Cosmology: Study of the universe's origins, structure, and evolution.
Black Holes: Regions of spacetime with gravitational pull so strong that nothing can escape.

Engineering: Application of physics principles in the design of structures, vehicles, and machines.
Technology: Use of physics in electronics, optics, and materials science.

SI Units: Standard units for measuring physical quantities.
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Energy: Joule (J)

Newton's Laws of Motion outline the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, encompassing inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction pairs.
Kinematics studies motion quantitatively, involving key equations for calculating velocity, acceleration, and displacement.

First Law of Thermodynamics asserts that energy is conserved during transformations; it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second Law of Thermodynamics emphasizes that total entropy in an isolated system will increase over time, indicating inefficiencies in energy conversion.
Third Law of Thermodynamics suggests that as systems approach absolute zero, entropy trends toward a minimum.
Heat Transfer occurs through conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation (energy transfer through electromagnetic waves).

Coulomb's Law quantifies the electrostatic force between charged objects, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric Fields represent the influence of electric forces in the vicinity of charged objects.
Magnetic Fields arise from moving charges or magnetic materials; the right-hand rule defines their orientation.
Maxwell's Equations comprise four equations that unify electric and magnetic phenomena, forming the basis of classical electrodynamics.

Wave Properties include essential characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Types of Waves are categorized as longitudinal (e.g., sound waves) and transverse (e.g., light waves).
Harmonic Motion is defined by periodic motion restored by forces that are proportional to displacement.

Special Relativity introduces the concepts of time dilation and length contraction, encapsulated in the equation E=mc².
General Relativity redefines gravity as the curvature of spacetime due to mass.
Quantum Mechanics delves into phenomena such as wave-particle duality and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, showcasing the behavior of particles at microscopic scales.

Gravity governs the motion of celestial bodies, influencing their formation and interactions.
Cosmology examines the universe's origins and structure, including its evolutionary processes.
Black Holes present extreme gravitational entities where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light, effectively trapping all matter.

Engineering integrates physics principles to design functional structures, machinery, and vehicles.
Technology leverages physics in developing systems across electronics, optics, and material sciences.

SI Units provide standardized measurements for physical quantities:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: Newton (N)
- Energy: Joule (J)

Speed of Light (c): 3.00 x 10^8 m/s, indicating the maximum velocity of light in a vacuum.
Gravitational Constant (G): 6.674 x 10^-11 N(m/kg)², representing the strength of gravitational attraction.
Planck's Constant (h): 6.626 x 10^-34 J·s, crucial in quantum mechanics, relating energy to frequency.

Focus on comprehending foundational concepts rather than rote memorization of formulas.
Utilize diagrams to simplify and visualize abstract concepts or complicated processes.
Regularly solve practice problems to reinforce comprehension and application of principles in real-world scenarios.