Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay; involved in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.

First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (KE = 1/2 mv²).
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position (PE = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound waves).

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic systems.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance (V = IR).
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; direction determined by the right-hand rule.
Faraday's Law: Change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF).

Special Relativity: The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames; speed of light is constant.
General Relativity: Gravity as curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave and particle properties.
Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle.

Atomic Structure: Composed of protons, neutrons (nucleus), and electrons.
Nuclear Reactions: Fission (splitting) and fusion (combining) of atomic nuclei release energy.

Gravitational Force governs the attraction between masses, influencing planetary motion and orbits.
Electromagnetic Force operates between charged particles, underlying phenomena such as electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force is crucial for radioactive decay and various nuclear reactions, impacting stability of atomic nuclei.
Strong Nuclear Force effectively binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, essential for atomic stability.

The First Law states that an object remains in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force, emphasizing inertia.
The Second Law establishes that the force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma), providing a quantitative measure of motion.
The Third Law asserts that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force, influencing interactions between objects.

Kinetic Energy (KE) describes energy in motion and is calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE) represents stored energy based on an object's position, formulated as PE = mgh, with g as gravitational acceleration and h as height.
The Conservation of Energy principle indicates that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only change forms.

Key properties of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; these characteristics define how waves propagate.
Transverse Waves feature oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel, exemplified by light waves.
Longitudinal Waves consist of oscillations that are parallel to the wave direction, with sound waves being a primary example.

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics posits that systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also in equilibrium with each other, establishing a basis for temperature measurement.
The First Law emphasizes energy conservation within thermodynamic systems, highlighting the interchange of energy forms.
The Second Law states that entropy in an isolated system always increases and prohibits spontaneous heat flow from cold to hot areas.
The Third Law declares that as the temperature nears absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero, reflecting limits of disorder.

Ohm's Law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) through the equation V = IR, fundamental to electrical circuit calculations.
Magnetic Fields arise from moving charges, with their orientation determined by the right-hand rule, a tool for predicting magnetic effects.
Faraday's Law indicates that a change in magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force (EMF), essential for electric generation.

Special Relativity claims that physical laws remain consistent across all inertial reference frames, with the speed of light being a universal constant.
General Relativity interprets gravity as the geometric curvature of spacetime caused by mass, revolutionizing the understanding of gravitational phenomena.

Wave-Particle Duality suggests that particles like electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, fundamentally changing classical physics views.
The Uncertainty Principle asserts that precise measurement of both position and momentum of a particle is impossible, introducing inherent limitations to particle behavior prediction.

Atomic Structure comprises protons, neutrons (in the nucleus), and electrons, forming the basis of matter and chemical properties.
Nuclear Reactions involve processes like fission (the splitting of heavy nuclei) and fusion (the merging of light nuclei), both resulting in immense energy release.

In Engineering, physics principles direct the design and analysis of robust structures and efficient machines, ensuring safety and functionality.
Medicine utilizes physics in imaging technologies such as MRI and X-rays, offering crucial insights into human health.
Technology advancements are driven by physics in areas like electronics, telecommunications, and innovative energy solutions.