Key Concepts in Physics

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
- Second Law: ( F = ma ) (Force equals mass times acceleration).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:
- Describes the motion of objects.
- Key equations involve displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics:
- Study of forces and their impact on motion.
- Concepts include friction, tension, and gravity.

Work: The energy transferred when a force is applied over a distance. ( W = Fd \cos(\theta) ).
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, ( KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 ).
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position, commonly gravitational ( PE = mgh ).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.
Heat Transfer:
- Conductive, convective, and radiative methods.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
- Types of waves: mechanical and electromagnetic.
Simple Harmonic Motion:
- Motion in which restoring force is proportional to displacement, characterized by sinusoidal functions.

Ohm's Law: ( V = IR ) (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Electric Fields: Force per unit charge.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges or currents.
Faraday's Law of Induction: Change in magnetic field within a loop induces an electromotive force (EMF).

Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
Relativity: Einstein's theories:
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; ( E=mc^2 ).
- General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of spacetime.

Cosmology: Study of the universe's origin, evolution, and ultimate fate.
Black Holes: Regions of spacetime exhibiting gravitational pull from which nothing can escape.

SI Units: Meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), candela (luminous intensity).

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force.
- Second Law: Relation of force, mass, and acceleration described by ( F = ma ).
- Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:
- Analyzes motion through equations involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics:
- Explores how forces like friction, tension, and gravity affect motion.

Work: Defined as energy transferred by a force acting over a distance, calculated as ( W = Fd \cos(\theta) ).
Kinetic Energy (KE): Represents energy of a moving object, expressed as ( KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 ).
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to an object's position, commonly gravitational, given by ( PE = mgh ).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy conservation principle states energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system tends to increase.
- Third Law: Entropy approaches a constant minimum as temperature nears absolute zero.
Heat Transfer: Occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation.

Wave Properties: Characterized by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; can be mechanical or electromagnetic.
Simple Harmonic Motion: Motion where restoring force is proportional to displacement, typically shown through sinusoidal patterns.

Ohm's Law: Expresses the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) through ( V = IR ).
Electric Fields: Defined as force exerted per unit charge in a given area.
Magnetic Fields: Formed by moving charges or currents, influencing other charges in the field's vicinity.
Faraday's Law of Induction: States that a changing magnetic field within a coil induces electromotive force (EMF).

Quantum Mechanics: Studies the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels where classical physics fails.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Concepts of time and space are interrelated; mass-energy equivalence represented by ( E=mc^2 ).
- General Relativity: Gravity is described as the curvature of spacetime.

Cosmology: Investigates the universe's origin, development, and ultimate destiny.
Black Holes: Areas in spacetime with gravitational forces so strong that nothing can escape from them.

SI Units: Standard units of measurement include meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity).

Emphasizes the necessity of precision and accuracy in experimental setups.
Highlights significance of significant figures and systematic error analysis in measurements.