Key Concepts in Physics

Gravity: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetism: Interaction between charged particles; includes electric and magnetic forces.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

First Law (Inertia): An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position; PE = mgh (gravitational).
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel (e.g., light waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel (e.g., sound waves).
Sound: Requires a medium to travel; speed depends on medium density and temperature.

Reflection: Bouncing of light off surfaces; governed by the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes through different media; described by Snell's Law.
Lens Types:
- Convex: Converges light rays.
- Concave: Diverges light rays.

Electric Charges: Opposites attract; like charges repel.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; affects other moving charges and magnetic materials.

Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; includes concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.
Relativity: Einstein's theories of special and general relativity; effects of gravity on time and space.

SI Units: Standard units for measurement (e.g., meter for distance, kilogram for mass, second for time).
Dimensional Analysis: Technique for checking equations by ensuring both sides have the same dimensions.

Engineering: Use of physics principles in designing structures, electronics, and machines.
Astrophysics: Study of celestial bodies and the universe's laws.
Medicine: Applications in imaging technologies (e.g., X-rays, MRI) and radiation therapy.

Gravity: Universal attraction between masses, crucial for planets' orbits and the structure of the universe.
Electromagnetism: Governs interactions between charged particles, affecting both electrical and magnetic phenomena.
Weak Nuclear Force: Plays a key role in processes like radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos, fundamental in particle physics.
Strong Nuclear Force: Essential for binding protons and neutrons, overcoming their electromagnetic repulsion within atomic nuclei.

First Law (Inertia): Objects remain in their current state of motion unless a net external force acts upon them.
Second Law (F=ma): The acceleration of an object depends directly on the net force acting on it and inversely on its mass, leading to the formula F = ma.
Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction, underlying the principle of interaction between objects.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Relates to moving objects; calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored in an object due to its position; gravitational potential energy is calculated using PE = mgh, where h is height.
Law of Conservation of Energy: States that total energy in a closed system remains constant, only changing forms.

Zeroth Law: Establishes thermal equilibrium; if two systems are each in equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation principle; total energy remains constant in an isolated system.
Second Law: Entropy tends to increase in an isolated system; heat transfer occurs from higher to lower temperatures.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal tends to zero, defining absolute order.

Wave Properties: Key characteristics include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.
Transverse Waves: Oscillations occur perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (e.g., light).
Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations occur parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
Sound: Requires a medium for transmission; speed varies with the medium's density and temperature.

Reflection: The bouncing of light off surfaces follows the law where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Refraction: Bending of light as it transitions between different media, explained by Snell's Law.
Lens Types:
- Convex Lenses: Converge light rays, used in magnifying glasses.
- Concave Lenses: Diverge light rays, used in optics to correct vision.

Electric Charges: Opposite charges attract each other, while like charges repel, forming the basis for electric forces.
Ohm's Law: Establishes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit: V = IR.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving electric charges; influence on other charges and magnetic materials is fundamental to electromagnetism.

Quantum Mechanics: Explains the behavior of particles at atomic scales, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty.
Relativity: Einstein's theories demonstrate how mass and energy affect the fabric of time and space, transforming our understanding of gravity.

SI Units: Foundation for scientific measurements—meter (distance), kilogram (mass), second (time).
Dimensional Analysis: Method for verifying equations to ensure both sides maintain equivalent dimensions.

Speed of Light (c): Approximately 3.00 x 10^8 meters per second, fundamental in understanding light and electromagnetic theory.
Gravitational Constant (G): Value of 6.674 × 10^-11 N(m/kg)², essential for calculating gravitational forces.
Planck's Constant (h): 6.626 x 10^-34 Js, fundamental in quantum mechanics, linking energy with frequency.

Engineering: Utilization of physics in the design and development of structures, vehicles, and technology.
Astrophysics: Investigates the physics of celestial objects and phenomena, enhancing our understanding of the universe.
Medicine: Physics principles applied in medical imaging techniques (e.g., X-rays, MRI) and therapeutic radiation, revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment.