Key Concepts in Physics

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces. Key equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics: Concerned with forces and their effects on motion. Newton's laws of motion are fundamental here.
- Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
- Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
- Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: Work done is the product of the force applied and the displacement in the direction of the force (W = Fd).
Kinetic Energy: Energy of an object due to its motion (KE = 1/2 mv²).
Potential Energy: Energy stored in an object due to its position (e.g., gravitational potential energy = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Total energy in a closed system remains constant.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (ΔU = Q - W).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).
Simple Harmonic Motion: Oscillatory motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement (e.g., springs, pendulums).

Coulomb's Law: Describes the force between two charged objects.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; described by the right-hand rule.
Electromagnetic Induction: Changing magnetic fields can induce an electric current (Faraday's Law).

Quantum Mechanics: Study of physics at atomic and subatomic levels, incorporating principles like wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; speed of light is constant in a vacuum.
- General Relativity: Gravity is described as the curvature of spacetime.

SI Units: Standard units of measurement; e.g., meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time).
Dimensional Analysis: Technique to check the consistency of equations by ensuring both sides have the same dimensions.

Engineering: Application of mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials science.
Medicine: Use of physics in imaging techniques (e.g., X-rays, MRI).
Technology: Development of electronics, telecommunications, and renewable energy systems.

Kinematics: Focuses on motion without reference to forces; key relationships involve displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics: Examines forces influencing motion; underpinned by Newton's laws of motion.
Newton's First Law: Objects remain in their current state of motion unless a net external force acts on them.
Newton's Second Law: Expressed as F = ma; the force acting on an object equals its mass multiplied by acceleration.
Newton's Third Law: States that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: Calculated as the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of that force (W = Fd).
Kinetic Energy: Energy associated with the motion of an object, given by KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Energy stored in an object's position, such as gravitational potential energy (mgh).
Conservation of Energy: The principle that energy in a closed system remains unchanged over time.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: Systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy is conserved; it can only change forms (ΔU = Q - W).
- Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system tends to increase; heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot areas.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed; these characteristics define wave behavior.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium for propagation, such as sound waves.
- Electromagnetic Waves: Can travel through a vacuum without a medium, such as light waves.
Simple Harmonic Motion: Characterized by oscillations where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement, exemplified by springs and pendulums.

Coulomb's Law: Quantifies the electrostatic force between charged objects.
Ohm's Law: Expressed as V = IR; relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in electrical circuits.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by the motion of electric charges and can be visualized using the right-hand rule.
Electromagnetic Induction: Describes the phenomenon where changing magnetic fields induce an electric current (Faraday's Law).

Quantum Mechanics: Explores physical phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels, highlighting concepts like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Proposes that measurements of time and space vary based on the observer's velocity; speed of light remains constant in a vacuum.
- General Relativity: Reinterprets gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

SI Units: Internationally recognized measurement standards, including meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time).
Dimensional Analysis: A method for verifying the dimension consistency of equations, ensuring both sides match in units.

Speed of Light (c): Approximately 3.00 x 10^8 m/s; fundamental for understanding light and relativity.
Gravitational Constant (G): 6.674 x 10^-11 N(m/kg)²; crucial in Newton's law of gravitation.
Planck's Constant (h): 6.626 x 10^-34 J·s; central to quantum mechanics.

Engineering: Integrates principles of mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials science for design and construction.
Medicine: Utilizes physics in diagnostic imaging methods like X-rays and MRI technologies.
Technology: Pivotal in the advancements of electronics, telecommunications, and the development of renewable energy systems.