Key Concepts in Physics

Gravity: The attraction between masses.
Electromagnetism: Interaction between electrically charged particles.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force (Inertia).
Newton's Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position, typically gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

First Law: Energy is conserved in an isolated system.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light).
- Longitudinal: Particles move parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).

Electric Fields: Region around charged particles that exerts force on other charges.
Magnetic Fields: Region around magnets or current-carrying wires that exerts force on moving charges.
Maxwell's Equations: Describe how electric and magnetic fields interact.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Physics of objects moving at constant high speeds (near light).
- General Relativity: Theory of gravitation as curvature of spacetime.
Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of matter and energy on atomic and subatomic levels.
- Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
- Uncertainty Principle: Cannot simultaneously know the position and momentum of a particle precisely.

SI Units: Standard units used in physics.
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Electric Current: ampere (A)
- Temperature: kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance: mole (mol)
- Luminous Intensity: candela (cd)

Mechanics: Study of motion and forces.
Electronics: Design and application of electronic circuits and devices.
Astrophysics: Study of celestial bodies and the universe.
Medical Physics: Application of physics concepts in medicine, such as imaging and radiation therapy.

Gravity represents the attraction between masses, crucial for planetary orbits and structure of the universe.
Electromagnetism involves the interaction of electrically charged particles, responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei, overcoming the repulsion between positively charged protons.
Weak Nuclear Force is accountable for processes like radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.

Newton's First Law (Inertia): Objects remain in their state of motion unless influenced by an external force.
Newton's Second Law relates force, mass, and acceleration, expressed as F = ma, determining how an object's motion changes.
Newton's Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, governing interactions between objects.

Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion, calculated by KE = 1/2 mv², highlighting the effect of speed and mass.
Potential Energy: Energy stored in an object due to its position, especially gravitational PE = mgh, where h is height.
Conservation of Energy principle asserts that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms.

The First Law emphasizes energy conservation in isolated systems, ensuring the total energy remains constant.
The Second Law introduces the concept of entropy, stating it increases over time in isolated systems, driving natural processes.
According to the Third Law, as temperature approaches absolute zero, a perfect crystal's entropy tends toward zero.

Wave properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, fundamental to understanding wave behavior.
Transverse waves have particles moving perpendicular to wave direction, exemplified by light waves.
Longitudinal waves feature particles moving parallel to wave direction, as seen in sound waves.

Electric Fields surround charged particles, exerting force on other charges, essential for electric circuits.
Magnetic Fields arise around magnets or current-carrying wires, influencing the motion of charged particles.
Maxwell's Equations govern the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, underpinning classical electromagnetism.

Special Relativity focuses on objects moving at constant high speeds, altering perceptions of time and space.
General Relativity describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, significantly impacting our understanding of the universe.
Quantum Mechanics explores atomic and subatomic matter and energy, revealing non-intuitive behavior.
Wave-Particle Duality illustrates that particles simultaneously exhibit properties of both waves and particles.
The Uncertainty Principle posits limits on the precision of measuring a particle's position and momentum.

SI Units are the standardized measurement units in physics.
Length is measured in meters (m), mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s), and electric current in amperes (A).
Temperature is expressed in kelvins (K), the amount of substance in moles (mol), and luminous intensity in candelas (cd).

Speed of Light (c): 299,792,458 m/s signifies the maximum speed of information transfer.
Gravitational Constant (G): 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² is key in gravitational calculations.
Planck's Constant (h): 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s is fundamental in quantum mechanics for defining energy quantization.

Mechanics investigates motion and force interactions, foundational to engineering and technology.
Electronics encompasses the design of circuits and devices, integrating principles of electromagnetism.
Astrophysics focuses on celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena, enhancing knowledge of the universe.
Medical Physics applies physical principles in medical technologies, including imaging and treatment methods.