Key Concepts in Physics

Gravity: Attractive force between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus; strongest force at short distances.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay; operates at a subatomic level.

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: Work done on an object is the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force (W = F × d).
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position; gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic processes.
Second Law: Entropy of a closed system will not decrease; heat naturally flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.

Wave Properties: Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).
Simple Harmonic Motion: Motion where restoring force is proportional to the displacement.

Ohm’s Law: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
Circuit Types: Series and parallel circuits; series circuits have the same current, while parallel circuits have the same voltage.
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; described by the right-hand rule for current-carrying conductors.

Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; speed of light is constant in a vacuum for all observers.
General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties (e.g., photons).
Uncertainty Principle: The position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely known at the same time.

Nuclear Energy: Energy released during nuclear fission or fusion.
Semiconductors: Materials with electrical conductivity between insulators and conductors; essential for electronics.
Quantum Computing: Uses quantum bits (qubits) for information processing, potentially outperforming classical computers.

Gravity: A universal force that attracts masses towards each other, crucial for the orbits of planets and moons.
Electromagnetic Force: Governs the interaction between charged particles; essential for electricity, magnetism, and chemical bonds.
Strong Nuclear Force: The strongest force in nature, acting at very short ranges to hold protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Facilitates processes like beta decay in radioactive materials; operates at the subatomic scale.

First Law (Inertia): States that objects maintain their state of motion unless influenced by an external force; exemplifies the concept of inertia.
Second Law (F=ma): Describes how force is quantitatively linked to mass and acceleration, implying that greater force results in greater acceleration.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): Establishes that every force exerted will create an equal and opposite force, highlighting interactions between objects.

Work: Quantified by the equation W = F × d, where work equals the force applied times the distance moved in the force's direction.
Kinetic Energy: The energy associated with moving objects, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy: Energy stored due to an object's position, particularly gravitational potential energy expressed as PE = mgh, with h being height.
Conservation of Energy: Principle that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

First Law: Affirms the conservation of energy within thermodynamic systems; energy input equals work done plus changes in internal energy.
Second Law: Indicates that the entropy in a closed system increases over time; heat transfer occurs naturally from hotter to cooler bodies.
Third Law: States that as a system approaches absolute zero temperature, its entropy approaches a constant minimum value.

Wave Properties: Includes characteristics such as frequency (cycles per second), wavelength (distance between waves), amplitude (height), and speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium to travel (e.g., sound).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Can propagate through a vacuum (e.g., light).
- Simple Harmonic Motion: A specific type of oscillatory motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

Ohm’s Law: Represents the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) with the equation V = IR; foundational for circuit analysis.
Circuit Types: Differentiates between series circuits (constant current) and parallel circuits (constant voltage) based on how components are connected.
Magnetic Fields: Developed by moving electric charges; can be determined for current-carrying conductors through the right-hand rule.

Special Relativity: Proposes that the measurements of time and distance are relative to the observer's state of motion, with the speed of light remaining constant for all observers.
General Relativity: Expands on special relativity by describing gravity as the curvature of spacetime resulting from the presence of mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Highlights that particles like electrons and photons exhibit properties of both particles and waves, influencing quantum mechanics.
Uncertainty Principle: States that precise measurements of a particle's position and momentum cannot occur simultaneously; inherent uncertainty is a fundamental aspect of quantum systems.

Nuclear Energy: Energy harnessed from nuclear fission (splitting atomic nuclei) or fusion (combining nuclei), providing significant energy output for power generation.
Semiconductors: Materials that conduct electricity under certain conditions, integral to modern electronics like diodes and transistors.
Quantum Computing: Advanced computing paradigm utilizing qubits, which can exist in multiple states at once, allowing for complex information processing more efficiently than classical computers.