Key Concepts in Physics

Gravity:
- Attraction between masses; governs motion of planets and falling objects.
- Described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's General Relativity.
Electromagnetism:
- Interaction between charged particles; includes electric forces and magnetic forces.
- Governed by Coulomb's Law and Maxwell's Equations.
Weak Nuclear Force:
- Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
- Plays a key role in nuclear reactions.
Strong Nuclear Force:
- Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.
- Operates at very short ranges; mediated by gluons.

Kinematics:
- Study of motion without considering forces.
- Key equations:
  - ( v = u + at ) (velocity-time relation)
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (displacement-time relation)
Dynamics:
- Study of forces and their effects on motion.
- Newton’s Laws of Motion:
  1. An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
  2. ( F = ma ) (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE):
- Energy of motion: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 )
Potential Energy (PE):
- Energy stored due to position:
  - Gravitational PE: ( PE = mgh )
  - Elastic PE: ( PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 ) (for springs)
Conservation of Energy:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
3. Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
4. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests.
- Frequency: Number of oscillations per second.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).

Quantum Mechanics:
- Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Key principles include wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, and quantization of energy levels.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time dilation, length contraction, mass-energy equivalence (( E=mc^2 )).
- General Relativity: Gravity as a curvature of spacetime.

Atomic Physics: Structure of atoms, electron configurations, and quantum numbers.
Nuclear Physics: Study of the components and behavior of atomic nuclei.
Astrophysics: Application of physics to understand celestial bodies and the universe.

Gravity governs planetary motion and falling objects, described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein’s General Relativity.
Electromagnetism involves interactions between charged particles, impacting both electric and magnetic forces, explained by Coulomb's Law and Maxwell's Equations.
The Weak Nuclear Force is crucial for processes like radioactive decay and neutrino interactions, playing an essential role in nuclear reactions.
The Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, acting over very short ranges and mediated by gluons.

Kinematics focuses on the motion of objects without considering the forces, utilizing equations such as ( v = u + at ) and ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) for analyzing velocity and displacement.
Dynamics examines the relationship between forces and motion, articulated through Newton’s Laws of Motion, which define inertia, the force-mass-acceleration relationship (( F = ma )), and the principle of action-reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of motion, calculated using ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ).
Potential Energy (PE) is energy stored due to position, which can be gravitational (( PE = mgh )) or elastic (( PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 ) for springs).
The Conservation of Energy principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another.

The Zeroth Law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in equilibrium with each other.
The First Law of Thermodynamics highlights that energy cannot be created or destroyed, reinforcing conservation concepts.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics indicates that the entropy of an isolated system always increases and that heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter areas.
The Third Law states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave properties include Wavelength (distance between successive crests), Frequency (number of oscillations per second), and Amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium).
Mechanical Waves require a medium for propagation (e.g., sound waves), while Electromagnetic Waves can propagate through a vacuum (e.g., light waves).

Quantum Mechanics studies particles at atomic and subatomic levels, featuring principles like wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and energy level quantization.
Special Relativity addresses time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence, illustrated by the equation ( E=mc^2 ).
General Relativity redefines gravity, explaining it as the curvature of spacetime.

Atomic Physics explores atom structure, electron configurations, and quantum numbers.
Nuclear Physics investigates atomic nucleus components and behaviors.
Astrophysics applies physics principles to study celestial bodies and the universe.