Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, given by the formula KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Energy stored due to position, commonly gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic processes.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical: Requires a medium (e.g., sound, water).
- Electromagnetic: Does not require a medium (e.g., light).
Superposition Principle: When two waves overlap, the resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements.

Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
Circuits: Series and parallel configurations; Kirchhoff's laws for current and voltage.
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; described by the right-hand rule.

Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; the speed of light is constant in a vacuum.
General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute certainty.

Gravitational Force governs the motion of planets due to the attraction between masses.
Electromagnetic Force is responsible for phenomena involving charged particles, encompassing both electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, essential for atomic stability.
Weak Nuclear Force facilitates processes such as radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.

The First Law states an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
The Second Law quantifies force as the product of mass and acceleration (F = ma).
The Third Law asserts that actions produce equal and opposite reactions, illustrating the interaction principle.

Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE), particularly gravitational potential energy, arises from an object's position, given by PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy principle dictates that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only change forms.

The Zeroth Law defines thermal equilibrium, stating that if two systems are in equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
The First Law of Thermodynamics emphasizes energy conservation across thermodynamic processes.
The Second Law introduces the concept of entropy, stating it will always increase in an isolated system and that heat cannot flow spontaneously from cold to hot.
The Third Law highlights that as temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a minimum constant value.

Key properties of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, which characterize wave behavior.
Mechanical Waves require a medium for propagation (e.g., sound), while Electromagnetic Waves can travel through a vacuum (e.g., light).
The Superposition Principle explains that when two waves intersect, their resulting displacement is the algebraic sum of their individual displacements.

Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance through the equation V = IR, fundamental to circuit analysis.
Circuits can be configured in series or parallel, with Kirchhoff's laws governing current and voltage distributions within them.
Magnetic Fields arise from the movement of charges and can be determined using the right-hand rule.

Special Relativity posits that time and space are relative concepts, with the speed of light remaining constant irrespective of the observer’s frame of reference.
General Relativity reinterprets gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass, altering traditional views of gravitational interaction.

Wave-Particle Duality suggests that particles can exhibit properties of both waves and particles, challenging classical physics perceptions.
The Uncertainty Principle asserts limits on the simultaneous knowledge of a particle's position and momentum, a key concept in quantum mechanics.

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, forming the basic units of matter.
Isotopes are variations of elements differing in neutron count while maintaining the same proton count.
Ions result from atoms gaining or losing electrons, creating charged entities.

Nuclear Physics focuses on atomic nuclei, their interactions, and decay processes.
Particle Physics examines fundamental particles (e.g., quarks and leptons) and their interactions, contributing to our understanding of matter.
Cosmology explores the universe's origins, evolution, and ultimate fate, encompassing concepts like the Big Bang and cosmic expansion.