Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs motion of planets and objects.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

First Law (Inertia): An object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The force on an object is equal to its mass times acceleration.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on position; gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

First Law: Energy conservation; ΔU = Q - W (change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse: Displacement perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light).
- Longitudinal: Displacement parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
Sound: Longitudinal wave; travels through mediums; speed depends on medium.

Reflection: Bouncing back of light from surfaces.
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes through different mediums.
Total Internal Reflection: Complete reflection of light within a medium when it hits a boundary at a certain angle.

Ohm's Law: V = IR (voltage = current x resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; influence nearby charges and currents.
Electromagnetic Induction: Generation of voltage by changing magnetic fields.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; speed of light is constant.
- General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of spacetime.
Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; includes concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.

Understand Concepts: Focus on grasping the principles rather than memorizing formulas.
Practice Problems: Apply concepts through calculations and problem-solving.
Use Visual Aids: Diagrams and illustrations can help clarify complex topics.
Review Regularly: Regularly revisit key concepts to reinforce understanding.

Gravitational Force: Attraction that influences the movement of planets and other celestial objects.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts on charged particles; fundamental to the existence of electricity, magnetism, and light phenomena.
Weak Nuclear Force: Key player in processes like radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.
Strong Nuclear Force: Essential for the stability of atomic nuclei, holding protons and neutrons tightly together.

First Law (Inertia): An object will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The net force acting on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration, establishing a direct relationship between force, mass, and motion.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action results in a reaction that is equal in size but opposite in direction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Defined as the energy of an object in motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): The energy stored in an object due to its position, with gravitational potential energy expressed as PE = mgh (where g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height).
Conservation of Energy: Principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, merely transformed from one form to another.

First Law: Energy conservation principle expressed as ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU signifies change in internal energy, Q denotes heat added, and W represents work done.
Second Law: Entropy, a measure of disorder, in an isolated system always increases; illustrates the natural direction of heat flow from hotter to cooler bodies.
Third Law: As the temperature nears absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero, indicating minimal disorder.

Wave Properties: Fundamental characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel (e.g., light waves).
- Longitudinal Waves: Particle displacement occurs parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound waves).
Sound: A longitudinal wave that propagates through materials; its speed varies depending on the medium.

Reflection: Occurs when light bounces off surfaces, enabling vision and images.
Refraction: The bending of light as it transitions between different materials, altering its speed and direction.
Total Internal Reflection: Phenomenon where light reflects entirely within a medium when reaching a boundary at a specific angle.

Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) expressed in the formula V = IR.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges and affect nearby electrical charges and transient currents.
Electromagnetic Induction: The process of generating voltage through the variation of magnetic fields over time.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Proposes that time and space are relative, with the speed of light remaining constant for all observers.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as a curvature in spacetime caused by mass.
Quantum Mechanics: Explores the behaviors of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels, incorporating concepts such as wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.

Understand Concepts: Emphasize grasping core principles rather than rote memorization of formulas.
Practice Problems: Engage with practical calculations and apply theoretical concepts to solidify understanding.
Use Visual Aids: Diagrams and graphs enhance comprehension of complex physics topics.
Review Regularly: Frequent revision of key concepts helps consolidate knowledge and improve retention.