Key Concepts in Physics

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
- Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces. Key equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics: Examines forces and their effect on motion. Focus on concepts like friction, tension, and gravity.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Energy stored due to position, particularly gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Wave Properties: Includes wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Sound Waves: Longitudinal waves that require a medium; characterized by frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness).
Doppler Effect: Change in frequency/wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

Electric Charge: Exists in two types—positive and negative; similar charges repel, unlike charges attract.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving charges; described by strength and direction.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Quantum Mechanics: Studies behavior of particles on atomic and subatomic levels; introduces concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.
Relativity: Developed by Einstein; includes Special Relativity (interactions at high speeds) and General Relativity (effect of gravity on spacetime).

Engineering: Principles applied in mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering.
Medicine: Imaging techniques like X-rays and MRI rely on physics principles.
Technology: Innovations such as lasers, semiconductors, and renewable energy sources derive from physics concepts.

Understand fundamental principles, as they apply broadly across different topics.
Solve practice problems to reinforce concepts.
Use diagrams to visualize physics scenarios, especially in mechanics and waves.

Newton's Laws of Motion describe how forces affect objects.
- First Law: Objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
- Second Law: The force acting on an object is directly proportional to its mass and acceleration: F = ma.
- Third Law: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Kinematics involves studying motion without considering forces. It focuses on relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics concentrates on forces and their effect on motion, including considerations like friction, tension, and gravity.

Kinetic energy is the energy possessing by an object due to its motion.
Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position. Examples include gravitational potential energy, which is stored in an object due to its height above the ground.
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Waves exhibit properties like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves that require a medium to travel. They are characterized by frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness).
The Doppler Effect explains why the perceived frequency of a sound wave changes when the source or observer is moving.

Electric charge comes in two forms: positive and negative. Like charges repel, while opposite charges attract.
Ohm's Law defines the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit: V = IR.
Magnetic fields are created by moving charges and they are described by their strength and direction.

Laws of Thermodynamics govern the relationships between heat, work, and energy.
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another (conservation of energy).
- Second Law: The entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.
- Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a constant value.

Quantum Mechanics studies the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level. It introduces important concepts like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle.
Relativity is a theory developed by Albert Einstein that describes the interactions of objects at high speeds (Special Relativity) and the effects of gravity on spacetime (General Relativity).

Engineering: Physics provides the foundation for mechanical, electrical, civil, and other engineering disciplines.
Medicine: Physics is essential for medical imaging techniques like X-rays and MRI, as well as for radiation therapy.
Technology: Many innovations, such as lasers, semiconductors, and renewable energy sources, are fundamentally based on physics principles.