Key Concepts in Physics

Mechanics: Study of motion and forces.
Thermodynamics: Examines heat transfer and energy conversion.
Electromagnetism: Focuses on electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Optics: Study of light and its properties.
Quantum Mechanics: Investigates behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
Relativity: Concepts introduced by Einstein concerning space, time, and gravity.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a net force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
Thermodynamic Laws:
- First Law: Energy is conserved; internal energy change equals heat added minus work done.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

Kinematics:
- Displacement (s) = Initial velocity (u) × time (t) + 0.5 × acceleration (a) × t²
Force:
- F = ma
Work:
- W = F × d × cos(θ)
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE) = 0.5 × m × v²
- Potential Energy (PE) = m × g × h
Ohm's Law:
- V = I × R

Wave-Particle Duality: Light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and particles.
Entropy and Information: Relationship between thermodynamics and information theory.
Relativity and Time Dilation: How speed affects the passage of time.

These notes summarize essential concepts, principles, and equations in physics for quick review and study.

Mechanics involves the analysis of motion and the forces acting on objects, ranging from simple machines to complex systems.
Thermodynamics deals with the laws governing heat transfer, energy conversions, and the behavior of systems in thermal equilibrium.
Electromagnetism studies the dynamics of electric charges, magnetic fields, and their interactions, fundamental to understanding electrical devices.
Optics focuses on the behavior and properties of light, including reflection, refraction, and the formation of images.
Quantum Mechanics examines the rules governing the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality.
Relativity, introduced by Einstein, alters traditional notions of space and time, showing how they are interwoven and affected by gravity.

Newton's First Law states that objects remain in their state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Newton's Second Law (F = ma) establishes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, allowing prediction of an object's motion.
Newton's Third Law emphasizes the principle of action-reaction in interactions between objects.
The Conservation of Energy principle states that energy in a closed system is constant, only changing forms rather than being produced or destroyed.
The Conservation of Momentum indicates that in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged.
The First Law of Thermodynamics confirms energy conservation, linking temperature changes in a system to heat and work.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics posits that entropy, a measure of disorder, increases in isolated systems over time.
The Third Law establishes that as systems cool towards absolute zero, their entropy approaches a minimum level.

Kinematics formula links displacement, initial velocity, acceleration, and time: s = ut + 0.5at².
Force equation connects mass and acceleration: F = ma.
Work is calculated by the equation W = F × d × cos(θ), incorporating the angle between force and displacement.
Kinetic Energy (KE) is calculated as KE = 0.5mv², while Potential Energy (PE) is expressed as PE = mgh.
Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): V = I × R.

Force is measured in Newtons (N).
Energy is quantified in Joules (J).
Power is represented in Watts (W) as the rate of energy transfer.
Electric charge is measured in Coulombs (C).
Voltage is expressed in Volts (V), representing electrical potential difference.

Gravity is the universal force of attraction acting between any two masses.
The Electromagnetic Force acts between charged particles and is responsible for electric and magnetic phenomena.
The Weak Nuclear Force is crucial in processes like radioactive decay and certain types of particle interactions.
The Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, overcoming electromagnetic repulsion between protons.

Engineering utilizes physics principles in structural analysis, dynamics, and various mechanics.
Technology relies on physics for advancements in electronics, telecommunications, and materials science.
Astronomy employs physical laws to study celestial mechanics, the motion of planets, and the universe's structure.

Wave-Particle Duality illustrates the dual nature of light and matter, behaving as both waves and particles.
The connection between entropy and information theory highlights implications for understanding disorder and data in systems.
Relativity explains time dilation, showcasing how time experienced can differ based on relative speeds of observers.