Key Concepts in Physics

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces; involves concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics: Focuses on the forces and their impact on motion; includes Newton's Laws of Motion.
- Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
- Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
- Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion, given by KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position; gravitational potential energy = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy conservation; energy added to a system equals the increase in internal energy plus work done by the system.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder to a hotter body.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light waves).
Sound: A longitudinal wave that travels through a medium; characteristics include pitch (frequency) and loudness (amplitude).

Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter; exists in positive and negative forms.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; described by the right-hand rule.

Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels; includes concepts like wave-particle duality.
Relativity: Einstein's theories of Special and General Relativity; Special relativity introduces time dilation and length contraction.

Reflection: Bouncing of light off surfaces; described by the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another; described by Snell's Law.
Interference and Diffraction: Wave phenomena that demonstrate the wave nature of light.

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; described by Newton's Law of Gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

Kinematics focuses on motion without involving forces, emphasizing displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics studies forces and their influence on motion, guided by Newton's Laws.
Newton's First Law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Newton's Second Law articulates the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration with the formula F = ma.
Newton's Third Law asserts that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE) represents energy of motion, calculated using KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE) reflects energy stored due to an object's position, particularly gravitational potential energy represented as PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

First Law of Thermodynamics affirms energy conservation; it equates energy added to a system with the sum of the increase in internal energy and work done by the system.
Second Law of Thermodynamics highlights that the entropy of an isolated system always increases, and heat cannot flow spontaneously from cold to hot.
Third Law of Thermodynamics posits that as temperature nears absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal also approaches zero.

Wave Properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, which define a wave's characteristics.
Mechanical Waves require a medium (e.g., sound), while Electromagnetic Waves can travel through a vacuum (e.g., light).
Sound is a longitudinal wave characterized by pitch (frequency) and loudness (amplitude).

Electric Charge is a core property of matter, existing in both positive and negative forms.
Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance through the equation V = IR.
Magnetic Fields arise from moving charges and can be determined using the right-hand rule.

Quantum Mechanics investigates behavior of particles on atomic and subatomic levels, introducing wave-particle duality.
Relativity, developed by Einstein, includes Special Relativity, which introduces concepts such as time dilation and length contraction.

Reflection involves the bouncing of light off surfaces, following the law of reflection where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Refraction occurs when light bends as it transitions between different media, described by Snell's Law.
Interference and Diffraction are phenomena illustrating the wave-like nature of light.

Gravitational Force describes the attraction between masses, per Newton's Law of Gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force operates between charged particles, underpinning electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force contributes to processes like radioactive decay.
Strong Nuclear Force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei.

Engineering utilizes physics for the design and construction of structures and machinery.
Medicine employs physics in medical imaging technologies such as X-rays and MRI.
Technology relies on physics for the advancement of electronic devices and communication systems.