Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; governs planetary motion.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Involved in radioactive decay and nuclear fusion.

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law (F=ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy due to position; gravitational PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy conservation in thermodynamic processes; ΔU = Q - W.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat naturally flows from hot to cold.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light).
- Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
Superposition Principle: When two or more waves overlap, the resultant wave is the sum of the individual waves.

Special Relativity: Concepts of time and space are relative; speed of light is constant.
General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Uncertainty Principle: Certain pairs of properties (e.g., position and momentum) cannot both be known to arbitrary precision.
Quantum States: Described by wavefunctions; probabilities of finding particles in various states.

Electromagnetic Waves: Includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Maxwell's Equations: Describe how electric and magnetic fields interact and propagate.

Engineering: Principles of mechanics and materials in design and construction.
Medicine: Imaging technologies (e.g., X-rays, MRI) and radiation therapies.
Astrophysics: Study of celestial bodies and phenomena using fundamental physics concepts.

Gravitational Force: An attractive force between masses influencing planetary orbits and keeping celestial bodies in place.
Electromagnetic Force: Responsible for electric phenomena and magnetism, it governs the interactions between charged particles.
Strong Nuclear Force: Essential for holding protons and neutrons together within atomic nuclei, counteracting electromagnetic repulsion.
Weak Nuclear Force: Plays a crucial role in processes like radioactive decay and nuclear fusion.

First Law (Inertia): States that an object will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by an external force.
Second Law (F=ma): Quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration; acceleration is proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): Asserts that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, emphasizing the conservation of momentum.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Expressed as KE = 1/2 mv², it represents the energy of an object in motion, proportional to its mass and the square of its velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on an object's position, with gravitational potential energy calculated as PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Fundamental principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.

Zeroth Law: Establishes the foundation of thermal equilibrium; if two systems are each in equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Addresses the conservation of energy within thermodynamic systems, expressed as ΔU = Q - W, where U is internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done.
Second Law: Indicates that entropy in an isolated system increases over time; heat transfers naturally from hot to cold regions.
Third Law: As temperature nears absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero, indicating a state of perfect order.

Wave Properties: Characterized by key features including wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.
Types of Waves: Divided into:
- Transverse Waves: Particle motion is perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light).
- Longitudinal Waves: Particle motion is parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
Superposition Principle: When waves overlap, the resulting wave is the algebraic sum of the individual waves.

Special Relativity: Revolutionizes understanding of time and space; emphasizes that the speed of light remains constant for all observers.
General Relativity: Proposes that gravity is not a force but a curvature of spacetime caused by mass, influencing the motion of objects.

Wave-Particle Duality: Suggests that particles like electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behaviors, depending on observation.
Uncertainty Principle: States that certain pairs of properties, like position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously measured with high precision.
Quantum States: Described by wavefunctions, indicating probabilities of finding particles in specific states.

Electromagnetic Waves: Includes a spectrum of waves such as radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and X-rays, all traveling at the speed of light.
Maxwell's Equations: A set of fundamental equations that define how electric and magnetic fields interact and propagate through space.

Engineering: Involves applying principles like mechanics and material science in the design and construction of structures and systems.
Medicine: Utilizes physical principles in diagnostic tools like X-rays and MRIs, and in radiation therapies for treatment.
Astrophysics: Employs fundamental physics concepts to analyze celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena.

Engage with problem-solving to deepen understanding of key concepts.
Use diagrams and visuals to clarify complex topics and reinforce learning.
Connect physics principles to real-world applications to enhance relevance and comprehension.