Key Concepts in Earth Science and Astronomy

Key Concepts in Earth Science

• Cycle: A sequence of events that recur in the same order, essential for understanding various Earth systems.

• Luster: A mineral's ability to reflect light, an important characteristic for identifying minerals.

• Subsystem: A self-contained system operating within a larger system, crucial in ecological and geological contexts.

Atmospheric and Astronomical Insights

• Atmosphere: Consists of layers of gases surrounding a planet, vital for sustaining life.

• Astronomy: The branch of science dedicated to studying the universe's origins and evolution.

• Georges Lemaître: Recognized as the "Father of the Big Bang Theory", which addresses the universe's inception.

• Big Bang: A theory developed by Lemaître that explains the origin of the universe.

Cosmological and Geological Features

• Mbombo/Bumba: A deity who experienced severe stomach pain, reflecting mythological concepts of creation.

• Stratosphere: The atmospheric layer containing the majority of the Earth's ozone, protecting against UV radiation.

• Hydrological Cycle: The continuous movement of water through the Earth and atmosphere, crucial for climate and ecosystem function.

• Evaporation: A key process in the water cycle that converts liquid water into vapor.

Age and Composition of the Universe

• Age of the Universe: Estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years, providing context for cosmic events and formations.

• Hardness: Refers to the scratch resistance of minerals, an important factor in mineral identification.

Stages of the Big Bang

• Stages of the Big Bang:
  • Singularity
  • Big Bang
  • Inflation
  • Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
  • Recombination

Crust Composition and Planet Types

• Geosphere: Encompasses the rocks and minerals making up Earth, fundamental to understanding geological processes.

• Continental Crust: Comprises dry land, primarily composed of granite, and is less dense than oceanic crust.

• Oceanic Crust: Forms the ocean floor, consists mainly of basalt, and is thinner than continental crust.

• Planet Categories:

  • Terrestrial Planets: Rocky, solid planets.
  • Jovian Planets: Gas giants with thick atmospheres.

Earth's Subsystems

• Biosphere: Includes all living and non-living entities on Earth, highlighting the importance of ecological interconnections.

• Streak: The color of a mineral in powdered form, another key identification characteristic.

• Earth's Subsystems:

  • Geosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Biosphere

Overview

• Familiarity with these concepts and definitions will facilitate success in assessments related to Earth Science. Good luck!