Key Concepts in Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What are heterogeneous materials?

Matter that is different from place to place; incongruous and not uniform.

What are homogeneous materials?

Matter that is the same throughout; uniform appearance.

What are pure substances?

Homogeneous material that has its own, unique properties.

What are solutions?

<p>Homogeneous substance that has the same properties as its components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

<p>A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound?

<p>A pure substance that can be broken down by chemical means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemistry?

<p>The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chlorofluorocarbons?

<p>Substances that decrease the thickness of the ozone layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

<p>Anything that has mass and takes up space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mass?

<p>Measurement that reflects the amount of matter in an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is weight?

<p>A measure of the amount of matter and the measure of Earth's gravitational pull on that matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a model?

<p>A visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation of experimental data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organic chemistry?

<p>The study of most carbon-containing materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inorganic chemistry?

<p>The study of matter that does not contain carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is physical chemistry?

<p>The study of the behavior and changes of matter and related energy changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is analytical chemistry?

<p>The study of the components and composition of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biochemistry?

<p>The study of substances and processes of living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is environmental chemistry?

<p>The study of matter and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is industrial chemistry?

<p>The study of chemical processes in industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polymer chemistry?

<p>The study of polymers and plastics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

<p>The smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>The smallest unit of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four states of matter?

<p>Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are physical properties?

<p>Characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are extensive physical properties?

<p>Physical properties that depend on the amount of matter present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intensive physical properties?

<p>Physical properties that are independent of the amount of matter present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical properties?

<p>The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are physical changes?

<p>Changes that alter substances without changing their composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical changes?

<p>Processes that involve one or more substances changing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some signs of a chemical reaction?

<p>Color change, formation of a precipitate, gas formation, or temperature change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is melting?

<p>When a solid changes to a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is freezing?

<p>When a liquid changes to a solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evaporation?

<p>When a liquid turns into a gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is condensation?

<p>When a gas turns into a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sublimation?

<p>When a solid changes directly to a gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deposition?

<p>When a gas changes directly to a solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of conservation?

<p>States that, in any type of change, mass is neither created nor destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many naturally occurring elements are currently discovered?

<ol start="90"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some symbols not look anything like their element's name?

<p>Because the Latin name was used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?

<p>The creator of the Periodic Table of the Elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Periodic Table created?

<ol start="1869"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Periodic Table of Elements?

<p>A table that organizes elements into a grid based on patterns and similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are periods in the Periodic Table?

<p>Horizontal rows in the Periodic Table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are families/groups in the Periodic Table?

<p>Vertical columns in the Periodic Table that have similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of definite proportions?

<p>The law that states that a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine the mass of a compound besides weighing?

<p>By calculating the mass of the elements that make up the compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for finding percent by mass?

<p>Percent by Mass = (mass of an element/mass of a compound) * 100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of multiple proportions?

<p>States that when different compounds are formed by a combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same fixed mass of the other element in small whole numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Chemistry

  • Heterogeneous Materials: Matter that displays variation in composition and properties from location to location; for example, granite.

  • Homogeneous Materials: Matter with consistent composition throughout, appearing uniform; glass is a notable example.

  • Pure Substances: A type of homogeneous material that possesses unique properties, encompassing elements and compounds.

  • Solutions: A specific category of homogeneous substances that maintain the same properties as their individual components.

Types of Chemical Compounds

  • Element: A fundamental pure substance that cannot be decomposed by chemical means, consisting of only one type of atom.

  • Compound: A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements, which can be broken down chemically.

Branches of Chemistry

  • Organic Chemistry: Focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, essential in pharmaceuticals and plastics.

  • Inorganic Chemistry: Deals with substances lacking carbon, analyzing minerals, metals, and nonmetals.

  • Physical Chemistry: Examines the behaviors and transformations of matter, including energy changes and reaction dynamics.

  • Analytical Chemistry: Investigates the composition of substances, crucial for quality control and nutrient analysis.

  • Biochemistry: Studies living organisms' chemical processes, such as metabolism and DNA synthesis.

  • Environmental Chemistry: Explores the interaction of chemicals with the environment, focusing on pollution and ecological cycles.

  • Industrial Chemistry: Concerned with chemical manufacturing processes, including production methods for paints and coatings.

  • Polymer Chemistry: Investigates polymers and plastics, impacting textiles and coatings industries.

Properties of Matter

  • Matter: Defined as anything with mass occupying space.

  • Mass: A quantitative measure reflecting the amount of matter in an object.

  • Weight: Represents both the amount of matter and the gravitational force acting on it.

  • Physical Properties: Observable characteristics that do not change the sample's chemical makeup.

  • Extensive Physical Properties: Properties reliant on the amount of matter, such as mass and volume.

  • Intensive Physical Properties: Properties that remain constant regardless of amount, including boiling and melting points.

  • Chemical Properties: Characteristics defining a substance's ability to undergo specific chemical changes.

Changes in Matter

  • Physical Changes: Transformations affecting physical form without altering chemical composition, like melting or cutting.

  • Chemical Changes: Involve altering substances into entirely new products, such as compound formation.

  • Signs of Chemical Reactions: Indicators include color change, precipitate formation, gas output, or temperature variation.

States of Matter

  • States include solids, liquids, gases, and plasma, each defined by distinct properties.

Scientific Principles

  • Law of Conservation: Mass is preserved during changes; it cannot be created or destroyed.

  • Law of Definite Proportions: A compound consistently contains the same elements in fixed proportions by mass.

  • Law of Multiple Proportions: Different compounds formed from the same elements involve combinations of varying masses in simple whole-number ratios.

Atomic Structure

  • Atom: The smallest particle of an element retaining its properties.

  • Molecule: The smallest unit of a compound that maintains its chemical identity.

Periodic Table Highlights

  • Dmitri Mendeleev: Introduced the Periodic Table in 1869, organizing elements based on their properties.

  • Periodic Table Layout: Features horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (families/groups) to categorize elements based on similarities.

  • Naturally Occurring Elements: A total of 90 elements have been identified in nature.

Percent Composition

  • Percent by Mass Formula: Calculated as (mass of an element/mass of compound) * 100%, used to determine the composition of compounds.

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Description

This quiz explores fundamental concepts in chemistry, including heterogeneous and homogeneous materials, pure substances, and their classifications. Additionally, it delves into types of chemical compounds, such as elements and compounds, and introduces the branch of organic chemistry. Test your knowledge on these key topics!

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