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Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?
The basic unit of life is the cell.
Identify one key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What is natural selection?
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Define homeostasis in the context of human biology.
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What are macromolecules, and why are they important?
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What role do enzymes play in biochemistry?
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Explain the concept of negative feedback in physiological processes.
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What does the Cell Theory state about living organisms?
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How does the Theory of Evolution explain biodiversity?
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What is the primary purpose of PCR in biotechnology?
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Describe the function of gel electrophoresis in molecular biology.
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What impact does climate change have on biodiversity?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Biology
Fundamental Units of Life
- Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic: Simple, no nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Complex, with a nucleus (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
Genetics
- Chromosomes: Structures containing DNA; humans have 23 pairs.
- Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins; inherited from parents.
- Mendelian Inheritance: Principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
Evolution
- Natural Selection: Process through which species adapt over time, leading to evolution.
- Adaptation: Traits that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
- Speciation: Formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
Ecology
- Ecosystems: Communities of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
- Food Chains/Webs: Models that illustrate the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.
- Biomes: Large regions characterized by specific climates and ecosystems (e.g., tundra, rainforest).
Human Biology
- Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together (e.g., circulatory, respiratory, digestive).
- Homeostasis: The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
- Immune System: Body’s defense against pathogens; includes barriers, immune cells, and antibodies.
Biochemistry
- Macromolecules: Large, complex molecules essential for life (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids).
- Enzymes: Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions; specific to substrates.
- Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
Physiology
- Homeostatic Processes: Mechanisms that regulate body conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose levels).
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Feedback Mechanisms:
- Negative Feedback: Counteracts changes, maintaining balance (e.g., blood sugar regulation).
- Positive Feedback: Amplifies changes (e.g., childbirth).
Key Terms
- ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule that carries genetic information.
- RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
Important Theories
- Cell Theory: Fundamental concept in biology regarding the composition of living organisms.
- Theory of Evolution: Explains the diversity of life on Earth through common descent and natural selection.
Laboratory Techniques
- Microscopy: Use of microscopes to observe small organisms/cells.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Technique to amplify DNA segments.
- Gel Electrophoresis: Method to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size.
Current Topics
- CRISPR: Gene-editing technology that allows for precise modifications to DNA.
- Biotechnology: Use of living systems for the development of products (e.g., genetically modified organisms).
- Climate Change Impact: Effects on biodiversity and ecosystems leading to shifts in species distribution.
Fundamental Units of Life
- Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Prokaryotic cells are simple cells lacking a nucleus, found in organisms like bacteria.
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex cells containing a nucleus, found in organisms like plants, animals, and fungi.
Genetics
- Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA, humans have 23 pairs.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, they are inherited from parents.
- Mendelian inheritance refers to the principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
Evolution
- Natural selection is a process where species adapt over time through environmental pressures, leading to evolution.
- Adaptations are traits that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
- Speciation is the formation of new and distinct species during the course of evolution.
Ecology
- Ecosystems are communities of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
- Food chains and webs model the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.
- Biomes are large regions characterized by specific climates and ecosystems, such as tundra and rainforests.
Human Biology
- Organ systems are groups of organs working together to perform specific functions, such as the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems.
- Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
- The immune system is the body's defense against pathogens; it includes barriers, immune cells, and antibodies.
Biochemistry
- Macromolecules are large, complex molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions, each enzyme is specific to its substrate.
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions within a cell, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
Physiology
- Homeostatic processes are mechanisms that regulate body conditions, such as temperature, pH, and glucose levels.
- Negative feedback counteracts changes to maintain balance, an example is blood sugar regulation.
- Positive feedback amplifies changes, an example is childbirth.
Key Terms
- ATP is adenosine triphosphate, it's the energy currency of cells.
- DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
- RNA is ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
Important Theories
- Cell theory is a fundamental concept in biology regarding the composition of living organisms.
- The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth through common descent and natural selection.
Laboratory Techniques
- Microscopy uses microscopes to observe small organisms and cells.
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction, is a technique to amplify DNA segments.
- Gel electrophoresis separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size.
Current Topics
- CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows for precise modifications to DNA.
- Biotechnology involves the use of living systems to develop products, such as genetically modified organisms.
- Climate change impacts biodiversity and ecosystems leading to shifts in species distribution.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of biology, including cell theory, genetics, evolution, and ecology. This quiz covers essential knowledge about life forms, their inheritance, adaptations, and the ecosystems they inhabit. Test your understanding of these vital topics in biological science.
