Key Concepts in Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, encompassing their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

Molecular Level: Atoms and molecules forming biological structures.
Cellular Level: Basic unit of life; includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ Level: Structures composed of different tissues working together.
Organ System Level: Groups of organs functioning together (e.g., digestive system).
Organism Level: Individual living entities.
Population Level: Groups of individuals of the same species in a given area.
Community Level: Interactions between populations of different species.
Ecosystem Level: Communities and their physical environments.
Biosphere Level: The global sum of all ecosystems.

DNA Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes for a protein.
Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance (dominant/recessive traits).

Natural Selection: Mechanism proposed by Darwin; organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
Speciation: The process by which new species arise.

Ecosystems: Comprised of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors interacting.
Food Chains and Webs: Show energy flow and feeding relationships.
Biomes: Large ecological areas with distinct climates and organisms.

The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external changes.

Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants.
Cellular Respiration: Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy.
Protein Synthesis: Translation of genetic information into proteins.

These notes provide a foundation for understanding key principles and concepts in biology.

Scientific study of life and living organisms, covering structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

Molecular Level: Involves atoms and molecules, which are the building blocks of biological structures.
Cellular Level: Consists of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the fundamental units of life.
Tissue Level: Comprises groups of similar cells working together for specific functions.
Organ Level: Different tissues arranged to form a cohesive structure.
Organ System Level: Groups of organs that collaborate to perform complex functions (e.g., digestive system).
Organism Level: Represents individual living entities capable of independent existence.
Population Level: Defined by groups of individuals of the same species inhabiting a particular area.
Community Level: Involves interactions among populations of various species.
Ecosystem Level: Encompasses both communities and their interactions with non-living components.
Biosphere Level: Represents the total of all ecosystems combined, encapsulating life on Earth.

DNA Structure: Composed of a double helix formed by nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Gene: A specific segment of DNA that encodes for proteins essential for various functions.
Mendelian Genetics: Examines inheritance patterns, focusing on dominant and recessive traits.

Natural Selection: A process whereby organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, as proposed by Darwin.
Speciation: The evolutionary process leading to the emergence of new species.

Ecosystems: Made up of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors interacting within a defined area.
Food Chains and Webs: Illustrate energy transfer and feeding relationships within an ecosystem.
Biomes: Extensive ecological regions characterized by distinct climate and specialized organisms.

The mechanism through which organisms sustain internal stability despite varying external conditions.

Photosynthesis: A process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, essential for growth.
Cellular Respiration: The conversion of glucose and oxygen into usable energy by cells.
Protein Synthesis: The process of translating genetic information to form proteins.

Domains: Categorized into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Kingdoms: Includes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria.

Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions in biological systems.
Cell Membrane: A semi-permeable barrier regulating substance movement into and out of the cell.
Hormones: Chemical signals that coordinate and regulate physiological processes in organisms.