Key Branches of Biology

Zoology: Study of animals, their behavior, and their interactions within ecosystems.
Botany: Study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Genetics: Study of heredity, genes, genetic variation, and the function of genes.

Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Evolution:
- Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
- Natural selection, mutation, and gene flow are core mechanisms of evolution.
Homeostasis:
- The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Metabolism:
- The sum of all biochemical reactions that occur within an organism.
- Includes catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules).

Molecules: Basic chemical building blocks.
Cells: Fundamental units of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organs: Structures composed of different tissues working together.
Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.
Organisms: Individual living entities.
Populations: Groups of individuals of the same species living in an area.
Communities: Different populations that interact within a specific environment.
Ecosystems: Interactions between communities and their physical environment.
Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems; the zone of life on Earth.

Photosynthesis: Process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll; converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Cellular Respiration: Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Protein Synthesis: The process of translating genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins; involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to amino acids).

Cell:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus, smaller (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus, larger, complex (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).

Taxonomy: Science of naming and classifying organisms.
- Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.
- Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista.

Gene Theory: Genes are the units of heredity and govern the development and functioning of organisms.
Endosymbiotic Theory: Eukaryotic cells originated through a symbiotic relationship between different species of prokaryotes.

Symbiosis: Interaction between different organisms.
- Mutualism: Both parties benefit.
- Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
- Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other.

Speciation: The process by which new species arise.
Phylogenetics: Study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities.

Zoology focuses on animals, their behavior, and interactions within ecosystems.
Botany studies plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.
Microbiology investigates microorganisms, encompassing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Genetics delves into heredity, genes, genetic variation, and the functions of genes.

Cell Theory posits that all living organisms are composed of cells, making them the fundamental units of life. Furthermore, all cells originate from pre-existing cells.
Evolution refers to the gradual change in heritable traits within populations over successive generations. Key mechanisms driving evolution include natural selection, mutation, and gene flow.
Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions within an organism, including catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules).

Molecules represent the foundational chemical building blocks.
Cells are the fundamental units of life.
Tissues consist of groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organs are structures composed of different tissues working together.
Organ Systems are groups of organs that collaborate for complex functions.
Organisms are individual living entities.
Populations are groups of individuals of the same species in an area.
Communities comprise different interacting populations within a specific environment.
Ecosystems involve interactions between communities and their physical surroundings.
Biosphere encompasses the global sum of all ecosystems, representing the zone of life on Earth.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods. It involves converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen with the help of chlorophyll.
Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Protein Synthesis involves translating genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins. This process includes transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to amino acids).

Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, are smaller, and are found in bacteria.
- Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus, are larger, complex, and are found in plants, animals, and fungi.

Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
Domains are the broadest classification levels and include Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Kingdoms include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.

Gene Theory proposes that genes are the units of heredity, governing the development and functioning of organisms.
Endosymbiotic Theory suggests that eukaryotic cells originated through a symbiotic relationship between different species of prokaryotes.

Symbiosis refers to interactions between different organisms:
- Mutualism benefits both parties.
- Commensalism benefits one party while the other remains unaffected.
- Parasitism benefits one organism at the expense of the other.

Speciation is the process by which new species arise.
Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities.

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.
Conservation involves efforts to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems.