Key Botany Terms

Botany Questions

• Brown algae examples include Fucus and Laminaria.
• The stem's function is to support, transport, and sometimes store nutrients.
• Anabolism is the set of metabolic processes that construct molecules from smaller units.
• Phycomycetes examples include Mucor and Rhizopus.
• Examples of Eubacteria include Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
• The essential flower whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
• Meiosis is cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
• An example of a thorn is Duranta.
• An example of a sucking root is Cuscuta.
• Tendrils function in providing support by twining around objects.
• Rose is an example of a pinnately compound leaf.
• The scientific name of a sunflower is Helianthus annuus.
• Varieties of sac fungi include Aspergillus and Penicillium.
• The term meiosis was coined by Farmer and Moore.
• The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
• An aquatic Pteridophyte is Azolla, and a xerophytic Pteridophyte is Selaginella.
• Lycopodium is an example of club fungi.

Short Notes

• Useful fungi include edible mushrooms, yeasts for baking and brewing, and sources of antibiotics.
• Plant and animal specimens are kept in transparent jars with formalin to preserve them.
• Lamina is the blade of a leaf; Epipodium is an outgrowth on the ovary in some flowers.
• DNA barcoding applications include species identification, biodiversity assessment, and tracing food origins.
• It is about Metaphase, Anaphase (stages of mitosis/meiosis).
• Rules of Binomial Nomenclature is about genus and species names are written in Latin, genus is capitalized, and species is in lowercase, the entire name is italicized or underlined.
• It is about the Paramoecium diagram.
• Rhizoids of Bryophytes are root-like structures that anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.
• Pteridophytes are known as vascular cryptogams because they have vascular tissues but do not produce seeds.
• Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they need water for reproduction, though they live on land.
• A fusiform root is a root that is thick in the middle and tapers towards both ends.
• Bulbils are small bulb-like structures that can develop into new plants.
• Cuscuta depends entirely on the host plant because it lacks chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis.

Animal Tissue

• Microvilli function to increase the surface area for absorption.
• A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
• Squamous epithelium functions in diffusion and filtration.
• Intercalated discs are found in the cardiac muscle.
• Squamous epithelium (a single layer of flattened cells).
• It is about the description of position, structure, and function.
• It is about the description of position, structure, and function.
• It is about the structure description.

Human Nutrition

• Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules for absorption.
• Dentition pertains to the arrangement and type of teeth in an organism.
• Nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients necessary for health and growth.
• It is about the short notes on the Stomach.
• Nutritional disorders (Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease).
• Position and function of salivary glands (Secrete saliva, which contains enzymes to initiate digestion).
• Digestion in mouth cavity (Process starts with saliva breaking down carbohydrates).
• Human Digestive System (Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus).

Excretion and Osmoregulation

• It is about Excretion, and osmoregulation.
• The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
• Ammonotelism is the excretion of nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
• Excretion is the process of removing metabolic waste from the body.
• It is about Ureotelism- excrete urea.
• It is about the T.S. of Skin with diagram.
• Match the Columns.
• Explain the excretory system in human beings with a well-labelled diagram.
• Draw a labelled diagram of the kidney.

Angiosperms and Viruses

• Roots are for anchorage and absorption, stems are for support and transport.
• Angiosperms characteristics include flowers, fruits, and seeds enclosed in an ovary.
• Algae characteristics include aquatic habitat, simple structure, and photosynthetic ability.
• Kingdom plantae classification: algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
• Viruses: helical, icosahedral, enveloped, complex.
• Importance of Botanical Garden: conservation, education, research, recreation.
• Epiphytic roots absorb moisture from the air; stilt roots provide support.

Plant Anatomy

• About description of Funaria and Spirogyra.
• Racemose inflorescence has flowers arranged along an axis, cymose has a main flower that blooms first.
• Characteristics of Ascomycetes include asci-containing spores and septate hyphae.
• Typical fruit structure: pericarp, seed, and sometimes remnants of flower parts.
• Flower structure: sepals, petals, stamens, pistil.
• A cell cycle diagram include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Leaf: lamina, petiole, veins, and stipules.

Animal Kingdom

• Phylum Mollusca examples include snails, clams, and squids.
• A blind sac body plan has a single opening for ingestion and egestion.
• Phylum Arthropoda examples include insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
• Sycon diagram.
• Mammal class.
• Arthropoda economic importance includes pollination, food, and disease transmission.
• Match the Following.
• Salient features of phylum Echinodermata include a water vascular system and radial symmetry.
• Characteres of phylum Mollusca include a soft body and a mantle.

Skeleton and Movement

• Sternum parts include the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
• Ethology is the study of animal behavior.
• The hip joint is a ball and socket joint.
• Synovial joint diagram.
• Human bone.
• Locomotion refers to the movement of an organism.
• Bone function is to provide support, protect organs, and enable movement.
• Vertebral column.

Cell Structure and Organization

• A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
• Heterochromatin is tightly packed DNA, typically inactive.
• A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Nucleus.
• Endoplasmic reticulum.
• Mitochondria.

Invertebrate Anatomy

• It is about Cockroach Study the Animal type.
• Cockroach body divisions: head, thorax, and abdomen.
• Cockroach Heart chambers.
• It is about Salivary Glands of Cockroach.
• Cockroach sistamic Position.
• Digestive system diagram of Cockroach.
• Nervous system diagram of Cockroach.