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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the internal body fluid located between cells that facilitates the transfer of material?

Interstitial Fluid

What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs?

Epithelial Tissue

Which type of tissue binds and supports other tissues?

Connective Tissue

What tissue is primarily responsible for body movement?

Muscle Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are nerve cells whose axons transmit nerve impulses called?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons?

Glial Cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the signaling molecules released by the endocrine system called?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

What term describes animals that primarily eat plants and algae?

Herbivores Signup and view all the answers

What term describes animals that primarily feed on other animals?

Carnivores Signup and view all the answers

What term describes animals that consume both plant and animal material?

Omnivores Signup and view all the answers

What are nutrients that animals cannot synthesize themselves and are required for processes like protein and carbohydrate production called?

Essential Nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What are organic molecules required in small amounts called?

Vitamins Signup and view all the answers

What are inorganic molecules required in small amounts called?

Minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the act of eating solids or liquids?

Ingestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which food is broken down into small molecules?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where cells take up small digested molecules like amino acids and simple sugars?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where undigested material passes out of the digestive system?

Elimination Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the throat region?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What are the alternating waves of muscular contraction that move food through the digestive tract called?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mix of food and gastric juice in the stomach called?

Chyme Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme, found in gastric juice, breaks peptide bonds in proteins?

Pepsin Signup and view all the answers

What are the finger-like projections, possessing microvilli, found in the lining of the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?

Villi Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulatory system involves circulatory fluid bathing the organs directly?

Open Circulatory System Signup and view all the answers

What is the circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system, which is a mix of circulatory and interstitial fluid pumped into sinuses, called?

Hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulatory system confines blood to vessels?

Closed Circulatory System Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessels branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What are the microscopic blood vessels that are the site of chemical exchange between blood and tissues?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart, formed by the convergence of venules?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the chamber of the heart that receives incoming blood called?

Atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood out called?

Ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulation involves blood passing through two capillary beds before returning to the heart?

Single Circulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulation involves separate pumping of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood from the right and left sides of the heart?

Double Circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the specialized vesicle on the head of a sperm containing enzymes to penetrate the egg called?

Acrosome Signup and view all the answers

What structure extends from the sperm and adheres to sperm receptors on the egg plasma membrane?

Acrosomal Process Signup and view all the answers

What is the hardened layer surrounding the egg that acts as a long-lasting barrier to polyspermy called?

Fertilization Envelope Signup and view all the answers

What are the proteins and RNA found in the cytoplasm that are unevenly distributed and lead to differences in embryonic development called?

Cytoplasmic Determinants Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of an egg or zygote characterized by a high concentration of yolk called?

Vegetal Pole Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of an egg or zygote characterized by a low concentration of yolk called?

Animal Pole Signup and view all the answers

What are the detached cells from the blastocoel wall that assist with the development of the archenteron and form the future mesoderm layer called?

Mesenchyme Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the human equivalent of a blastula?

Blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

What is the cluster of cells within the blastocyst that develops into the embryo and forms extraembryonic membranes called?

Inner Cell Mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst that initiates implantation called?

Trophoblast Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where regions of the germ layers develop into rudimentary organs?

Organogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the blocks of mesodermal cells that form along the neural tube and give rise to vertebrae and muscles called?

Somites Signup and view all the answers

What is Interstitial Fluid?

Internal body fluid located between cells that facilitate transfer of material. Signup and view all the answers

_____ tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs.

Epithelial Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Connective Tissue?

Binds and supports other tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is responsible for body movement?

Muscle Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are Neurons?

Nerve cells; axons transmit nerve impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Glial Cells?

Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are Hormones?

Signaling molecules released by the endocrine system. Signup and view all the answers

Animals that eat plants and algae are known as _____.

Herbivores Signup and view all the answers

What do Carnivores feed on?

Animal material. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes animals that consume both plant and animal material?

Omnivores (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are Essential Nutrients?

Nutrients that animals cannot synthesize on their own and must obtain from their diet; needed for processes like protein and carbohydrate production. Signup and view all the answers

Vitamins are inorganic molecules required in small amounts.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Minerals are organic molecules required in small amounts.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Define Ingestion.

The act of eating or taking in solids or liquids. Signup and view all the answers

The process where food is broken down into small molecules that the body can absorb is called _____.

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Absorption in the digestive process?

Cells take up the small digested molecules, such as amino acids and simple sugars. Signup and view all the answers

Define Elimination in the context of digestion.

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pharynx?

The throat region. Signup and view all the answers

What is Peristalsis?

Alternating waves of muscular contraction and relaxation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Chyme?

The mix of partially digested food and gastric juice found in the stomach and small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme Pepsin?

Break peptide bonds in proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are Villi and Microvilli, and where are they found?

Villi are finger-like projections lining the small intestine. They possess even smaller projections called microvilli. Signup and view all the answers

Describe an Open Circulatory System.

A circulatory system where the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) directly bathes the organs and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hemolymph?

The fluid, equivalent to blood in organisms with open circulatory systems, that acts as both circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a Closed Circulatory System.

A circulatory system where blood is confined to vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Arteries carry blood towards the heart.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Capillaries?

They are the site of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid/tissue cells. Signup and view all the answers

Veins carry blood away from the heart.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The chamber of the heart that receives blood entering the heart is called the _____.

Atrium Signup and view all the answers

The chamber of the heart responsible for pumping blood out of the heart is the _____.

Ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is Single Circulation?

A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart once in a complete circuit, typically going through two capillary beds (e.g., gills and body tissues). Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Double Circulation?

Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Acrosome?

A specialized vesicle located at the tip of a sperm cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Acrosomal Process?

It is a structure extended from the sperm head (after the acrosomal reaction) that adheres to sperm receptors on the egg's plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fertilization Envelope and its function?

A hardened layer that forms around the egg shortly after fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What are Cytoplasmic Determinants?

Molecules, such as proteins and RNA, present in the cytoplasm of the egg that are unevenly distributed and influence early embryonic development by affecting gene expression in different cells. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Vegetal Pole of an egg or embryo?

It has a high concentration of yolk. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Animal Pole of an egg or embryo?

It has a low concentration of yolk and is where polar bodies are often released. Signup and view all the answers

What are Mesenchyme Cells in early development?

Cells that detach from the blastocoel wall (in sea urchins, from the vegetal plate) and migrate into the blastocoel cavity, assisting in the formation of the archenteron (primitive gut) and contributing to the future mesoderm layer. Signup and view all the answers

A Blastocyst is the amphibian equivalent of a blastula.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The ___ _ ___ is a cluster of cells within the blastocyst that develops into the embryo proper and forms extraembryonic membranes.

Inner Cell Mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the Trophoblast?

The outer epithelial layer of the mammalian blastocyst. Signup and view all the answers

Define Organogenesis.

The developmental process during which regions of the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) develop into rudimentary organs. Signup and view all the answers

What structures primarily arise from Somites during embryonic development?

Vertebrae and muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is interstitial fluid?

Internal body fluid located between cells that facilitate transfer of material. Signup and view all the answers

What is epithelial tissue?

Tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

Tissue that binds and supports other tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle tissue?

Tissues responsible for body movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are neurons?

Nerve cells; their axons transmit nerve impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What are glial cells?

Cells that nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Signaling molecules released by the endocrine system. Signup and view all the answers

What are herbivores?

Animals that eat plants and algae. Signup and view all the answers

What are carnivores?

Animals that feed off animal material. Signup and view all the answers

What are omnivores?

Animals that consume both plant and animal material. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that animals can't synthesize and must obtain from their diet; crucial for protein and carbohydrate production. Signup and view all the answers

What are vitamins?

Organic molecules required in small amounts for various metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What are minerals?

Inorganic molecules required in small amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What is ingestion?

The act of eating or feeding; taking solids or liquids into the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is digestion?

The process where food is broken down into small molecules that the body can absorb. Signup and view all the answers

What is absorption in the context of digestion?

The process where cells take up the small molecules (like amino acids and simple sugars) resulting from digestion. Signup and view all the answers

What is elimination in the context of digestion?

The process where undigested material passes out of the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharynx?

The throat region; part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along. Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. Signup and view all the answers

What is pepsin?

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins by breaking peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What are villi?

Finger-like projections found in the lining of the small intestine that possess microvilli. Signup and view all the answers

What is an open circulatory system?

A system where circulatory fluid (hemolymph) bathes the organs directly. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolymph?

The circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system, which is a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid, pumped into sinuses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a closed circulatory system?

A system where blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart; they branch into arterioles. Signup and view all the answers

What are capillaries?

The smallest blood vessels; the site of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What are veins?

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart; venules converge into veins. Signup and view all the answers

What is an atrium in the heart?

A chamber that receives blood entering the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is a ventricle in the heart?

A chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is single circulation?

A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart once in each complete circuit, passing through two capillary beds before returning. Signup and view all the answers

What is double circulation?

A circulatory system where oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart, completing two circuits. Signup and view all the answers

What is an acrosome?

A specialized vesicle at the tip of a sperm containing enzymes to penetrate the egg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the acrosomal process?

A structure extending from the sperm head that adheres to sperm receptors on the egg plasma membrane during fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fertilization envelope?

A hardened layer surrounding the egg that forms after fertilization, providing a long-lasting barrier to polyspermy (fertilization by multiple sperm). Signup and view all the answers

What are cytoplasmic determinants?

Maternal substances (proteins and RNA) in the egg cytoplasm that are unevenly distributed and influence early development by regulating gene expression in different parts of the embryo. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vegetal pole?

The region of an egg or zygote characterized by a high concentration of yolk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the animal pole?

The region of an egg or zygote characterized by a low concentration of yolk and containing the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What are mesenchyme cells?

Cells that detach from the blastocoel wall during gastrulation and migrate into the blastocoel, contributing to the formation of the archenteron and future mesoderm layer. Signup and view all the answers

What is a blastocyst?

The mammalian equivalent of a blastula; a hollow ball of cells formed during early embryonic development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner cell mass?

A cluster of cells within the blastocyst that eventually gives rise to the embryo proper and some extraembryonic membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trophoblast?

The outer epithelial layer of the mammalian blastocyst. Signup and view all the answers

What is organogenesis?

The process during embryonic development where regions of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) develop into rudimentary organs. Signup and view all the answers

What are somites?

Blocks of mesodermal cells located along both sides of the neural tube in a developing vertebrate embryo. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Interstitial Fluid

Internal body fluid located between cells that facilitate transfer of material.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs.