Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which category of countries from the Concentric Circles of English does India fall under?
Which category of countries from the Concentric Circles of English does India fall under?
Which territories are typically included in the Expanding Circle of English?
Which territories are typically included in the Expanding Circle of English?
In which setting does English play an important 'second language' role according to the text?
In which setting does English play an important 'second language' role according to the text?
Which country mentioned in the text has a history of colonization by members of the Inner Circle?
Which country mentioned in the text has a history of colonization by members of the Inner Circle?
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What happened to the indigenous languages in Australia after it was colonized by Britain?
What happened to the indigenous languages in Australia after it was colonized by Britain?
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Which statement best describes the elite homes in present-day Nigeria according to the text?
Which statement best describes the elite homes in present-day Nigeria according to the text?
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Which model is used to classify the different varieties of English, including the Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle?
Which model is used to classify the different varieties of English, including the Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle?
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In Kachru's model, which circle includes countries where English is used as the people’s first language, such as the USA and UK?
In Kachru's model, which circle includes countries where English is used as the people’s first language, such as the USA and UK?
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Which of the following countries would most likely be classified under the Expanding Circle according to Kachru's model?
Which of the following countries would most likely be classified under the Expanding Circle according to Kachru's model?
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What is one example of a variety of English that is a result of interactions in different speech communities outside its native environment?
What is one example of a variety of English that is a result of interactions in different speech communities outside its native environment?
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Which circle would Ghana likely be classified under in Kachru's model of World Englishes?
Which circle would Ghana likely be classified under in Kachru's model of World Englishes?
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In which circle would countries like China, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia be placed according to Kachru's model?
In which circle would countries like China, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia be placed according to Kachru's model?
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Which term refers to the varieties of English spoken in different parts of the world where English has been domesticated?
Which term refers to the varieties of English spoken in different parts of the world where English has been domesticated?
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In what countries is English taught as a foreign language in schools, similar to how French is taught in Nigerian schools?
In what countries is English taught as a foreign language in schools, similar to how French is taught in Nigerian schools?
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Which term is used to describe the status of English as a national language in certain parts of the world?
Which term is used to describe the status of English as a national language in certain parts of the world?
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What is the main reason for the unprecedented increase in the number of English speakers across the globe?
What is the main reason for the unprecedented increase in the number of English speakers across the globe?
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Which term is used to refer to countries where English is neither an official language nor a medium of instruction in schools?
Which term is used to refer to countries where English is neither an official language nor a medium of instruction in schools?
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What are some examples of newer varieties of World Englishes mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of newer varieties of World Englishes mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
The Spread of English
- English has become part of core institutions in non-native settings, playing a significant "second language" role in bilingual and multilingual settings.
- The Outer Circle consists of countries where English is used as a second language, such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Liberia, which are mostly former colonies of the UK or the USA.
The Expanding Circle
- The Expanding Circle includes territories where English is learnt as a foreign language, such as China, Japan, Greece, and Poland.
- English is taught as a foreign language and is considered the most useful vehicle for international communication in these countries.
English in Australia, America, and Canada
- English is not native to Australia, America, or Canada, but was introduced through colonization.
- In Australia, English has eclipsed over 250 indigenous languages, and the same pattern is seen in America and Canada.
World Englishes
- The interaction of English in different speech communities has led to the development of diverse varieties of English, known as World Englishes.
- Examples of World Englishes include Nigerian English, South African English, Ghanaian English, and Malaysian English.
Kachru's Model of English Varieties
- Braj Kachru's "Concentric Circles of English" model classifies English varieties into three categories: Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle.
- The Inner Circle includes countries where English is used as the first language, such as the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
- The Outer Circle includes countries where English is used as a second language, such as Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
- The Expanding Circle includes countries where English is learnt as a foreign language, such as China, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Nepal, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Russia, and Zimbabwe.
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Description
Explore the earlier phases of English spread in non-native settings and its role in bilingual and multilingual environments. Learn about countries in the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle where English plays a significant 'second language' role. Written by Kehinde A. Ayoola.
