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Questions and Answers

Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of __________.

the looking-glass self

Socialization, as a sociological term, describes:

  • A person's internal mental state when in a group setting
  • How people interact during social situations
  • The difference between introverts and extroverts
  • How people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values (correct)

    • The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that:

  • Social comfort is more important than food (correct)
  • Rhesus monkeys raised by other primate species are poorly socialized
  • Monkeys can be adequately socialized by imitating humans
  • Food is more important than social comfort

    • What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level?

    <p>Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked?

    <p>The perspective of females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?

    <p>She could not communicate at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies?

    <p>The sample sizes are often small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization?

    <p>Blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chris Langan's story illustrates that:

    <p>Socialization can be more important than intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem-solving?

    <p>Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion?

    <p>An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?

    <p>Learning to read and write</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization?

    <p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?

    <p>They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement?

    <p>How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective?

    <p>The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do secondary groups play in society?

    <p>They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________.

    <p>reference groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of an in-group?

    <p>A high school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?

    <p>Reference group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.

    <p>dyad; triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more likely to be an expressive leader?

    <p>The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership?

    <p>A fire station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not an example of a normative organization?

    <p>A study hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a total institution?

    <p>Jail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people join utilitarian organizations?

    <p>Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?

    <p>Coercion to join</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society?

    <p>There is more worldwide availability of goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society?

    <p>There is less variety of goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?

    <p>Deviance is socially defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________.

    <p>an act of deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control.

    <p>Informal negative sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Societies practice social control to maintain ________.

    <p>social order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?

    <p>The study of society and social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________.

    <p>imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who:

    <p>interact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to:

    <p>identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology?

    <p>Economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?

    <p>Karl Marx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to:

    <p>whether sociological studies can predict or improve society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which would a quantitative sociologist use to gather data?

    <p>A large survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by:

    <p>their culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

    <p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

    <p>Karl Marx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to:

    <p>theatrical roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?

    <p>Participant observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was:

    <p>harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they learn:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Berger describes sociologists as concerned with:

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure.

    <p>valid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another.

    <p>variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement provides the best operational definition of 'childhood obesity'?

    <p>Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are considered secondary data?

    <p>Books and articles written by other authors about their studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads?

    <p>Web Ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants?

    <p>Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in their Middletown study?

    <p>Participant observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method?

    <p>Questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is:

    <p>ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the results of a case study?

    <p>It relies solely on secondary data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method.

    <p>nonreactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement illustrates value neutrality?

    <p>In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality?

    <p>Max Weber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding?

    <p>A fast-food restaurant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The terms _______________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them.

    <p>culture and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?

    <p>nonmaterial culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of:

    <p>culture shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:

    <p>Universalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nation's flag is:

    <p>A symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.

    <p>social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that:

    <p>mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:

    <p>Sapir-Whorf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society:

    <p>Regulates behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________.

    <p>Dostoevsky style in film; 'American Idol' winners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?

    <p>Counterculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modern-day hipsters are an example of:

    <p>Subculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:

    <p>cultural lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major difference between invention and discovery is:

    <p>Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of:

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?

    <p>Conflict Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach?

    <p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'American Dream'—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory?

    <p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society?

    <p>The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society?

    <p>Software engineer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents?

    <p>Horticultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies?

    <p>Industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society.

    <p>bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor?

    <p>A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________.

    <p>God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers?

    <p>Max Weber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________.

    <p>Functionalist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities?

    <p>Role strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________.

    <p>habitual actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sociology Basics

    • Sociology is the study of society and social interaction.
    • C. Wright Mills emphasized the need for sociological imagination to understand society's impact on individuals.

    Understanding Society

    • Society defined as a group of people interacting in a defined area and sharing a culture.
    • Sociologists seek to identify patterns in social group behavior in response to social pressures.

    Early Sociology and Theoretical Foundations

    • Early sociology included topics such as economics.
    • Karl Marx theorized that societal changes arise from class struggles.

    Research Methods

    • Positivism vs. Antipositivism: debates about whether sociological research can predict or improve society.
    • Quantitative sociologists typically use large surveys for data collection.

    Theoretical Perspectives

    • Max Weber argued that human behavior is influenced by culture, challenging pure objectivity in research.
    • Symbolic interactionism examines small-scale social interactions and their meanings.
    • Conflict theory highlights societal disparities and class struggles.

    Cultural Concepts and Norms

    • Nonmaterial culture includes intangible aspects like bravery and freedom associated with symbols.
    • Social control mechanisms, including formal and informal norms, reinforce societal values.

    Social Structures and Cultural Patterns

    • Differences between mores (moral norms) and folkways (common behaviors).
    • Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that language shapes our experiences and perceptions.
    • High culture often includes literature and fine arts, while popular culture covers mainstream entertainment.
    • Countercultures, like the Ku Klux Klan, oppose mainstream societal norms; subcultures exist within mainstream culture.

    Socialization and Identity

    • Socialization is essential for individuals to learn societal norms, beliefs, and values.
    • The looking-glass self concept, introduced by Charles Horton Cooley, emphasizes self-identity through social interactions.

    Social Challenges

    • Role strain occurs when individuals face conflicting demands in their social roles.
    • Culture shock can happen when individuals encounter cultural norms different from their own.

    Development and Morality

    • Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development include conventional levels where children recognize societal moral standards.
    • Carol Gilligan critiqued previous moral development theories for overlooking female perspectives.

    Distinction between Fields

    • Sociology focuses on societal influences, while psychology centers on individual mental processes.### Verbal Abilities and Isolation
    • Danielle experienced nearly complete isolation as a child, severely impacting her communication skills.
    • She never learned spoken language but was able to use gestures and some signs to communicate.
    • Her comprehension was limited, and she could only understand basic responses like "yes" and "no."

    Sociological Cautions in Twin Studies

    • Sociologists must be cautious with twin studies due to typically small sample sizes.
    • Differences in upbringing between twins can lead to misleading conclusions.
    • Results from twin studies generally do not apply to non-twin individuals or singletons.

    Factors Influencing Socialization

    • Gender, class, and race significantly impact socialization.
    • Blood type is generally not seen as an influential factor in socialization processes.

    Intelligence vs. Socialization

    • Chris Langan's life illustrates that socialization can often outweigh intelligence in determining life success, including college admissions.

    Wealthy Parents and Socialization

    • Wealthy parents are more likely to instill creativity and problem-solving skills in their children as these attributes align with white-collar work environments.

    Schools and Workforce Preparation

    • Schools prepare children for future employment through a standardized curriculum, teamwork training, and the hidden curriculum.

    Religion and Socialization

    • Religion socializes individuals through cultural teachings, communal celebrations of life stages, and shared group experiences, rather than solely through personal divine experiences.

    Manifest Functions of Schools

    • A primary manifest function of schools is teaching students essential academic skills, like reading and writing.

    Agents of Socialization

    • Family is typically the earliest and most influential agent of socialization, establishing foundational beliefs and behaviors.
    • Major socialization transitions in American life typically occur during school age, adulthood, and during senior citizen years; infancy is not considered a transition point.

    Expectations for Recent Graduates

    • Recent high school graduates are generally expected to pursue higher education, vocational training, or enter the workforce soon after graduation.

    Functionalist Perspective on Movements

    • Functionalists analyze phenomena like the Occupy Wall Street movement by examining how such movements maintain societal stability by providing outlets for dissent.

    Perspectives in Sociology

    • The Functionalist and Conflict perspectives address large-group dynamics, while the Interactionist perspective focuses on individualized, detailed interactions.

    Role of Secondary Groups

    • Secondary groups are transactional and primarily task-based, fulfilling specific practical needs within society.

    Competing Groups in Socialization

    • When faced with conflicting expectations, such as teasing for academic achievement, a high school student navigates their reference groups to find acceptance.

    Identification of In-Groups

    • A high school does not qualify as an in-group, unlike a fraternity, synagogue, and the Ku Klux Klan, which form strong in-group identities.

    Reference Groups

    • Reference groups influence individuals' behaviors and help set standards for personal conduct and social norms.

    Transition from Dyad to Triad

    • A couple becoming parents transitions socially from a dyadic relationship to a triadic family structure.

    Expressive Leadership

    • An expressive leader is often found in environments like a summer camp for chronically ill children, focusing on emotional support and group cohesiveness.

    Group Leadership Styles

    • Authoritarian leadership is characterized by top-down communication, limiting participation and input from lower levels.

    Conformity and Resistance

    • In Asch's study, subjects resisted conformity due to factors like having allies, the ability to keep answers private, and belonging to small groups.

    Bureaucracy Characteristics

    • Characteristics defining bureaucracies include a hierarchy of authority, explicit rules, and division of labor, but do not involve coercion to join.

    Positive Aspects of Bureaucracies

    • Positive aspects include increased productivity and efficiency, as well as equal treatment of individuals within the organizational structure.

    McDonaldization of Society

    • The McDonaldization effect refers to the increased worldwide availability of goods, though it can also limit variety in consumer options.

    Deviance in Society

    • Deviance is primarily defined as a social concept, varying based on cultural expectations, legality, and accepted norms.

    Civil Rights Movement as Deviance

    • Rosa Parks’ refusal to adhere to segregation laws exemplifies an act of deviance against prevailing social norms.

    Informal Negative Sanctions

    • In educational settings, professors may use informal negative sanctions to manage behavior, reinforcing social norms and expectations.

    Social Control in Society

    • Societies utilize social control mechanisms to ensure social order, maintaining structures that govern behavior and enforce norms.

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