Podcast
Questions and Answers
Given Kautilya's holistic understanding of governance, which of the following scenarios would he most likely prioritize for immediate strategic intervention?
Given Kautilya's holistic understanding of governance, which of the following scenarios would he most likely prioritize for immediate strategic intervention?
- Securing a vulnerable border region through a combination of military presence and diplomatic negotiations (correct)
- Implementing a new taxation policy aimed at increasing state revenue by 5%
- Initiating a comprehensive census to accurately assess the demographic composition of the kingdom
- Arbitrating a trade dispute between two guilds to stabilize the local economy
In the Arthashastra, Kautilya articulates a complex system of espionage. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects his rationale for employing spies?
In the Arthashastra, Kautilya articulates a complex system of espionage. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects his rationale for employing spies?
- Spies serve as a tool for maintaining internal order by monitoring the activities of government officials and the general populace.
- The use of spies is intended to gather comprehensive information about all aspects of the state, including its strengths, weaknesses, and the loyalty of its officials. (correct)
- Spies are primarily used to gather intelligence on potential threats to the ruler's personal safety.
- The main purpose of spies is to incite rebellion in enemy territories to destabilize their regimes.
Considering the complex interplay between the seven elements of the Saptanga theory, how would a contemporary political analyst interpret its relevance in modern statecraft?
Considering the complex interplay between the seven elements of the Saptanga theory, how would a contemporary political analyst interpret its relevance in modern statecraft?
- A foundational basis for understanding the core components of a functional state, irrespective of its political ideology. (correct)
- A justification for autocratic rule, wherein the king (Swami) holds absolute authority over all other elements.
- A theoretical framework for understanding the importance of checks and balances in democratic systems.
- An outdated model with no practical application in modern governance.
Within the context of Kautilya's Mandala theory, how would a strategically astute ruler leverage the principles of inter-state relations to maximize their kingdom's geopolitical advantage?
Within the context of Kautilya's Mandala theory, how would a strategically astute ruler leverage the principles of inter-state relations to maximize their kingdom's geopolitical advantage?
Given Kautilya's emphasis on both internal stability and external security, which of the following actions would he deem most justifiable for a ruler to undertake in the interest of the state?
Given Kautilya's emphasis on both internal stability and external security, which of the following actions would he deem most justifiable for a ruler to undertake in the interest of the state?
Consider Kautilya's views on the use of force and diplomacy in international relations, assess which of the following approaches would align most closely with his strategic thinking?
Consider Kautilya's views on the use of force and diplomacy in international relations, assess which of the following approaches would align most closely with his strategic thinking?
Assess if Kautilya's Arthashastra was rediscovered due to?
Assess if Kautilya's Arthashastra was rediscovered due to?
Evaluate the core tenet of Kautilya's Saptanga theory?
Evaluate the core tenet of Kautilya's Saptanga theory?
In the context of Kautilya's Mandala theory, evaluate which of the following factors most significantly determines the relationship between two kingdoms?
In the context of Kautilya's Mandala theory, evaluate which of the following factors most significantly determines the relationship between two kingdoms?
Judge which of the following scenarios aligns most closely with Kautilya's strategic counsel on the use of espionage?
Judge which of the following scenarios aligns most closely with Kautilya's strategic counsel on the use of espionage?
Evaluate which of the following actions would Kautilya most likely condemn as detrimental to the long-term stability and prosperity of a kingdom?
Evaluate which of the following actions would Kautilya most likely condemn as detrimental to the long-term stability and prosperity of a kingdom?
Hypothesize which of the following assertions best reflects the potential application of Kautilya's Arthashastra to contemporary international relations?
Hypothesize which of the following assertions best reflects the potential application of Kautilya's Arthashastra to contemporary international relations?
Given the social and political context of 19th-century India, which of the following reforms would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely prioritize to advance the cause of women's rights?
Given the social and political context of 19th-century India, which of the following reforms would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely prioritize to advance the cause of women's rights?
Assess Raja Ram Mohan Roy's synthesis of Eastern and Western thought, in which of the following ways did this syncretism impact his approach to religious reform?
Assess Raja Ram Mohan Roy's synthesis of Eastern and Western thought, in which of the following ways did this syncretism impact his approach to religious reform?
Given Roy's nuanced engagement with the intellectual and religious traditions of his time, assess which of the following figures most closely aligns with his philosophical orientation?
Given Roy's nuanced engagement with the intellectual and religious traditions of his time, assess which of the following figures most closely aligns with his philosophical orientation?
Given the socio-religious context of 19th century India, which of the following actions would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely prioritize to promote religious reform?
Given the socio-religious context of 19th century India, which of the following actions would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely prioritize to promote religious reform?
Given the prevailing social norms and cultural practices of 19th-century India, which of the following actions would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely undertake to challenge the practice of Sati?
Given the prevailing social norms and cultural practices of 19th-century India, which of the following actions would Raja Ram Mohan Roy most likely undertake to challenge the practice of Sati?
Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the property rights of women. Within the social fabric of 19th-century India, which strategy would align with his advocacy to ensure women were granted said rights?
Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the property rights of women. Within the social fabric of 19th-century India, which strategy would align with his advocacy to ensure women were granted said rights?
Given Roy's advocacy for monotheism and universalism, assess what approach he might take to foster inter-religious harmony in a religiously diverse society?
Given Roy's advocacy for monotheism and universalism, assess what approach he might take to foster inter-religious harmony in a religiously diverse society?
Given the prevailing intellectual climate and socio-political context of early 20th-century India, which educational system would Mahatma Gandhi most likely advocate to promote self-reliance and national resurgence?
Given the prevailing intellectual climate and socio-political context of early 20th-century India, which educational system would Mahatma Gandhi most likely advocate to promote self-reliance and national resurgence?
Imagine Gandhi is in a highly volatile region. Analyze how Gandhi’s theory of Satyagraha could de-escalate tensions and foster reconciliation between conflicting communities?
Imagine Gandhi is in a highly volatile region. Analyze how Gandhi’s theory of Satyagraha could de-escalate tensions and foster reconciliation between conflicting communities?
Given Gandhi's spiritual and moral framework, assess how his concept of Swaraj extends beyond mere political independence to encompass individual and collective self-realization?
Given Gandhi's spiritual and moral framework, assess how his concept of Swaraj extends beyond mere political independence to encompass individual and collective self-realization?
How would Gandhi use the concept of Oceanic Circle to reconcile individual autonomy and collective welfare in a decentralized, self-governing society?
How would Gandhi use the concept of Oceanic Circle to reconcile individual autonomy and collective welfare in a decentralized, self-governing society?
Considering Gandhi's views on modernity and industrialization, identify his strategy to reconcile traditional values and economic progress in post-colonial India?
Considering Gandhi's views on modernity and industrialization, identify his strategy to reconcile traditional values and economic progress in post-colonial India?
Given Gandhi's holistic view of human nature, how would he approach conflict resolution in the context of inter-communal tensions and social injustices?
Given Gandhi's holistic view of human nature, how would he approach conflict resolution in the context of inter-communal tensions and social injustices?
Which of the following real world outcomes would Gandhi most likely disapprove?
Which of the following real world outcomes would Gandhi most likely disapprove?
Analyze Savarkar's concept of Hindutva and assess its implications for the socio-political landscape of contemporary India?
Analyze Savarkar's concept of Hindutva and assess its implications for the socio-political landscape of contemporary India?
Given Savarkar's emphasis on nationalism and collective identity, which actions would he support to assert the sovereignty and integrity of a nation-state?
Given Savarkar's emphasis on nationalism and collective identity, which actions would he support to assert the sovereignty and integrity of a nation-state?
Infer how Savarkar's concept of "Normative Imagination" be employed to shape cultural narratives and national identity?
Infer how Savarkar's concept of "Normative Imagination" be employed to shape cultural narratives and national identity?
Considering Savarkar's views on religious and cultural identity, how would he approach relationship with minority communities in a nation-state?
Considering Savarkar's views on religious and cultural identity, how would he approach relationship with minority communities in a nation-state?
Given the socio-political landscape of the early 20th century, assess how Savarkar's experiences and ideological convictions shaped his approach to challenging British colonial rule in India?
Given the socio-political landscape of the early 20th century, assess how Savarkar's experiences and ideological convictions shaped his approach to challenging British colonial rule in India?
Assess what actions are considered the most important for the cultural and political unity of a nation?
Assess what actions are considered the most important for the cultural and political unity of a nation?
Given the historical context of caste-based discrimination in India, assess how B.R. Ambedkar's socio-political thought challenges the traditional hierarchical structure of Indian society?
Given the historical context of caste-based discrimination in India, assess how B.R. Ambedkar's socio-political thought challenges the traditional hierarchical structure of Indian society?
Assess how Ambedkar addressed civil rights with concerns for social justice and equality for marginalized communities?
Assess how Ambedkar addressed civil rights with concerns for social justice and equality for marginalized communities?
Considering Ambedkar's views on state socialism and economic justice, determine what economic model is most aligned with his vision for postcolonial India?
Considering Ambedkar's views on state socialism and economic justice, determine what economic model is most aligned with his vision for postcolonial India?
How did Ambedkar strategically employ legal and constitutional mechanisms to advance the rights and interests of marginalized communities in India?
How did Ambedkar strategically employ legal and constitutional mechanisms to advance the rights and interests of marginalized communities in India?
How did Ambedkar employ the concept of 'Annihilation of Caste' in his writings?
How did Ambedkar employ the concept of 'Annihilation of Caste' in his writings?
Which of the following actions aligns with his approach to promoting social justice and equality in a deeply divided society?
Which of the following actions aligns with his approach to promoting social justice and equality in a deeply divided society?
How would Tagore have been perceived by leaders who advocate for closed cultural nationalisms, as opposed to Tagore's globalism?
How would Tagore have been perceived by leaders who advocate for closed cultural nationalisms, as opposed to Tagore's globalism?
Considering Tagore’s notion of "True Freedom," in the context of a globalized world grappling with issues of cultural homogenization and loss of local traditions, which strategy align with his philosophy?
Considering Tagore’s notion of "True Freedom," in the context of a globalized world grappling with issues of cultural homogenization and loss of local traditions, which strategy align with his philosophy?
If Tagore were tasked with mediating a conflict between two nations with deep-seated historical grievances and divergent cultural values, which approach would he likely adopt to foster reconciliation and mutual understanding?
If Tagore were tasked with mediating a conflict between two nations with deep-seated historical grievances and divergent cultural values, which approach would he likely adopt to foster reconciliation and mutual understanding?
In a world increasingly shaped by technological advancements and globalization, what values should guide society, keeping true to Tagore's philosophy?
In a world increasingly shaped by technological advancements and globalization, what values should guide society, keeping true to Tagore's philosophy?
How can Tagore's philosophy in Synthetic Universalism be used to make a system for future global problems?
How can Tagore's philosophy in Synthetic Universalism be used to make a system for future global problems?
Flashcards
Time period of Kautilya
Time period of Kautilya
Kautilya lived around 350 BC.
Place of origin of Kautilya
Place of origin of Kautilya
Kautilya was born in Taxila.
Other names of Kautilya
Other names of Kautilya
Chanakya and Vishnugupta.
University where Kautilya taught
University where Kautilya taught
Signup and view all the flashcards
Famous student of Kautilya
Famous student of Kautilya
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dynasty overthrown by Chandra Gupta with Kautilya's help
Dynasty overthrown by Chandra Gupta with Kautilya's help
Signup and view all the flashcards
Empire established with Kautilya's role
Empire established with Kautilya's role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Famous work of Kautilya
Famous work of Kautilya
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Kautilya's Arthashastra was discovered
How Kautilya's Arthashastra was discovered
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Arthashastra could be used
How Arthashastra could be used
Signup and view all the flashcards
Theory describing state structure by Kautilya
Theory describing state structure by Kautilya
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Saptanga Theory?
What is Saptanga Theory?
Signup and view all the flashcards
First element of Saptanga Theory
First element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second element of Saptanga Theory
Second element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Third element of Saptanga Theory
Third element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fourth element of Saptanga Theory
Fourth element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fifth element of Saptanga Theory
Fifth element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sixth element of Saptanga Theory
Sixth element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seventh element of Saptanga Theory
Seventh element of Saptanga Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kautilya's theory to explain interstate relations
Kautilya's theory to explain interstate relations
Signup and view all the flashcards
First circle of states in mandala theory
First circle of states in mandala theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second circle of states in mandala theory
Second circle of states in mandala theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Third circle of states in mandala theory
Third circle of states in mandala theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parshnigraha
Parshnigraha
Signup and view all the flashcards
Arthashastra
Arthashastra
Signup and view all the flashcards
The journal Gandhi wrote editorials for
The journal Gandhi wrote editorials for
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does sarvodaya mean?
What does sarvodaya mean?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chauri Chaura incident
Chauri Chaura incident
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Kautilya
- Kautilya lived around 350 BC
- While disputed it is most accepted he was born in Takshashila
- Kautilya's other names include Chanakya, based on his father's name Chanak who was a Brahmin, and Vishnugupta because he was a follower of Lord Vishnu
- Kautilya taught at Takshashila University
- Chandra Gupta was his most famous student
- Chandra Gupta overthrew the Nanda Dynasty with Kautilya's advice
- Kautilya played an important role in the establishment of Mauryan Empire
- Arthashastra is Kautilya's famous work
- Arthashastra has 15 parts or books, 150 chapters, 180 divisions and approximately 6,000 verses or shlokas
- Dr. Shamasastry discovered Arthashastra through a pandit on a bundle of palm leaves in Tanjore in 1904
- Dr. Shamasastry published the Arthashastra in 1909 and its translation in 1915
- Arthashastra could be used as a manual for statecraft by any king
- Kautilya described the structure of the state in his Saptanga Theory
- The Saptanga Theory explains seven organs or elements of state which combine to form a state
Saptanga Theory
- Seven elements include:
- Swami (King): The king is equal to the head in a human body and that is why plays central role in the state
- Amatya (Minister): Represents eyes of the state and is the highest rank minister
- Janpada (People): Represents the legs of the state and includes both population and territory of the state
- Durga (Fort): Represents the arms of a state and fortification of the state is crucial for security of treasury and army
- Kosha (Treasury): Considered as the mouth of the state and is located in the fortified capital which is used to finance the army
- Danda (Army): Equal to brain in a human body and army should be strong, obedient and skilled in handling all weapons
- Mitra (Ally): Represents ears of a state and an ideal ally is one who is a friend of the family and shares a common interest
- Kautilya tried to explain the dynamics of interstate relations through his Mandala Theory
Mandala Theory
- Kautilya described international relations in the 7th book of Arthashastra as a Mandala System
- Mandala is a Sanskrit word which means circle
- The concept projects the world in terms of geometry
- Used the shape of mandala to develop a political geometry that accounts for different political realities
- The central principle locates a kingdom's position as an enemy or ally with respect to the intending winner, and the kingdom's spatial placement in the mandala
- Mandala Theory consists four primary circles of states, 12 kings, 60 elements of sovereignty and 72 elements of states
- The 12 kingdoms are as follows:
- Vijigishu: The king who aspires to be the conqueror
- Ari: Shares border with Vijigishu, an enemy
- Mitra: Friend or an ally of Vijigishu, shares border with ari
- Ari-Mitra: Friend of ari, shares border with mitra
- Mitra-Mitra: Friend or an ally of friend
- Ari Mitra-Mitra: Friend of enemy's friend
- Parshnigraha: Enemy in the rear of the Vijigishu
- Aakranda: Friend in the rear behind Parshnigraha
- Parshnigraha-asara: Friend of Parshnigraha behind Aakranda
- Aakranda-asara: Friend of Aakranda behind Parshnigrahasara
- Madhyama: Indifferent kingdom
- Udasina: Neutral Kingdom
- The major book written by Kautilya is Arthashastra
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Lived in the 19th century
- Hailed as "the Father of Modern India"
- Started his social life in 1815 with the establishment of Atmiya-Sabha
- The Atmiya Sabha actively protested the Kuleen Tradition which was the practice of selling young girls to prospective husbands for some financial interests, polygamy which was the practice of marrying multiple spouses, and injustice on the basis of caste system
- Roy was prominently associated with the abolition of Sati Pratha
- His first essay on Sati came in 1818 arguing that woman had an existence beyond her husband and that is why she had no reason to end her life on the death of her husband
- Roy was a proponent of women's rights in India
- Was the first social reformer to point out the property rights of women in her family
- In "Brief Remarks Regarding Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Right of Females" (1822), he highlighted the property rights of women in her family by saying that Ancient Hindu Lawgivers gave the mothers and daughters property rights accordingly but modern lawgivers have taken away these rights from women
- Roy was a renowned advocate of education, especially for women which can enable them to fight for their rights
- Roy's major contribution towards religious reform started with the establishment of Brahmo Samaj in 1828
- Roy was a monotheist who believes that there is only one God
- According to Roy; One Religion (also known as Universal Religion) contains the good aspects from all religions hence there is One God only
- Roy's modernist approach tried to link modernity with tradition as he was influenced by Upanishads and also some features of Christianity
- He founded Mahapathshala (Hindu College) at Kolkata with Radhakanta Deb and others in 1817
Major Books by Roy
- The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820)
- Brief Remarks Regarding Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females (1822)
- The Universal Religion (1829)
- An Exposition of Revenue and Judicial System in India (1832)
Major Periodicals by Roy
- Sambad Kaumudi (1821); Bengali weekly newspaper
- Mirat-ul-Akbar (1822); Persian news magazine
Major Institutions by Roy
- Atmiya Sabha (1815)
- Mahapathshala (Hindu College) (1817)
- Brahmo Sabha (1828)
- Major concepts include:
- Monotheism
- Universal Religion
- Modernist Approach
M.K. Gandhi
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869
- With respect people address him as the Mahatma
- He went to London in 1888 for studying law
- Gandhi went to South Africa to fight the case of a Gujrati Muslim Merchant in 1893
- Gandhi's experience in South Africa he faced discrimination on the racial basis
- During traveling in train, he sat in first class coach and when asked to move he did not do so and hence was thrown out of the train
- After facing discrimination, he experienced that Indians face this kind of discrimination there on the daily basis because of their skin colour and hence decided to stay there and fight against these injustices
Gandhi's achievements in South Africa include:
- Indian Ambulance Corps effort during the Boer War (1899-1902)
- Experiments at Phoenix Settlement (1904) and Tolstoy Farm (1910)
- Campaign in Transvaal (1913)
- Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj in 1909 on board S.S. Kildonan Castle on the way to South Africa from London
- Gandhi returned to India in 1915; at the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- First institution founded by Gandhi in India was Satyagraha Ashram at Kochrab, Ahmedabad in 1915 also known as Kochrab Ashram
- Champaran Satyagraha was first Satyagraha of Gandhi in India and took place in 1917 in Bihar where peasant started agitation against their British Landlord because of Indigo's crop price
- Two events that took place in the year 1918 were:
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike: workers demanded 50% wage hike but owners was willing to pay 20% but because of Gandhi's role workers got 35% wage hike
- Kheda Satyagraha: With the help of Gandhi demand of peasants were heard after struggling for 5 months
- Khilafat Movement started in 1919 in which Gandhi supported as he saw it as the opportunity to rally Muslim support for nationalism
Gandhi's Movements
- Non-Cooperation Movement was started on 1st August 1920 by Gandhi with the motive to fight against British through non-violent means but Gandhi withdrew this movement after Chauri Chaura incident took place on 4th Feb, 1922
- The second mass movement of Gandhi was the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930
- Gandhi participated in the Second Round Table Conference which was held in London from 7th September - 1st December 1931
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931 was responsible for Gandhi's participation in the Second Round Table Conference
- Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar on the issue of separate electorates for untouchables in 1932
- Gandhi founded Sevagram Ashram in 1936 at Wardha
- Gandhi gave Wardha Scheme of Basic Education in 1937
- The Quit India Movement which is also known as The August Movement; launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942
Gandhi's Concepts
- According to Gandhi, "Man as animal is violent, but as spirit (he) is non-violent"
- Believed relationship between religion and politics is an intimate one, as there is no politics without religion-not the religion of the superstitious and the bind, religion that hates and fights, but the universal religion of toleration
- For Gandhi relationship between means and ends are integral and fundamental, where if one takes care of the means, the end will take care of itself
- Swaraj for Gandhi means self-rule and self-restraint that can be obtained by educating the masses which can make them capable to regulate and control authority
- Satyagraha is not only insistence on truth but it also means holding on to truth through moral and non-violent ways
- Emphasised upon Gram Swaraj because democracy through people's participation could be ensured only by way of Gram Swaraj
- Explained Oceanic Circle by saying that; in this circle there will be countless villages and never ending circles whose centre will be the individual always ready to perish for the village
- For Gandhi; Sarvodaya in means "the rise of all"
- On Trusteeship, when an individual has more than enough then he or she should have donated that as a trustee of that portion for God's people
Gandhi's Influences
- Leo Tolstoy (Gospels in Brief, What to Do, The Kingdom of God is Within You)
- John Ruskin (Unto This Last)
- Henry David Thoreau (Essay on Civil Disobedience)
- Viewed Gita as introducing Anasakti Yoga
- Anasakti yoga is a philosophy and way of life advocated by Mahatma Gandhi that essentially encourages non-attachment to anything in the material world
Gandhi and Gita
- Borrowed the concept of Anasakti from Gita
- Anasakti Yoga shows a way to attain self-realization
- Gandhi interpreted Gita logically which is to strive for peace even at the price of sacrificing one's life
- Gandhi's notions of Hinduism are derived from his study of the Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Upanishads etc
- Believed in a decentralized, self-sufficient, and non-violent civilization
- Emphasized simple living, harmony with nature, and individual responsibility
- Criticized Western Civilization as being morally and spiritually bankrupt and for its materialism, individualism, and immorality
- Was sceptical of excessive industrialization and believed it led to environmental degradation and dehumanization and criticised the caste system and untouchability, working towards their eradication for social equality
Gandhi's thoughts on true civilisation
-Reflected in simplicity, self-reliance, and harmony with nature "Be the change that you wish to see in the world."
- Opposed excessive materialism and consumerism and advocated for a simple and frugal lifestyle. "The world has enough for everyone's needs, but not everyone's greed"
- Promoted nonviolent resistance (satyagraha) as a means to address conflicts and achieve social and political change
- Emphasized education that focused on character building, practical skills, and moral development
- Believed in the interconnection of religion and politics, emphasizing that politics should be guided by moral and spiritual values. "Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is."
- 'Sarvodaya' means the welfare of all; Gandhi envisioned a society where the well-being of every individual is uplifted "The good of the individual is contained in the welfare of all."
Gandhi's work
- Hind Swaraj (1909)
- Young India (1919); English weekly journal which he later renamed as Harijan.
- Satyagraha in South Africa (1928)
- The Story of My Experiments With Truth (1929) -Key to Health (1948)
- Also translated Plato's Republic in Gujrati -Phoenix Settlement (1904) -Tolstoy Farm (1910) -Satyagraha or Kochrab Ashram (1915) -Sevagram Ashram (1936) -Champaran Satyagraha (1917) -Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) -Kheda Satyagraha (1918) -Khilafat Movement (1919) -Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) -First Round Table Conference (1930) -Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) -Second Round Table Conference (1931) -Poona Pact (1932
- The major concepts given by Gandhi?
-Swaraj satyagraha
- Gram Swaraj
- Panchayati Raj Model
- Oceanic Circle
- Non-Violence (Ahimsa)
- Ends and Means are integral and connected
- Relationship between Religion and Politics -Sarvodaya -Trusteeship -Wardha Scheme of Basic Education
- Some of the notable influences on Gandhi include:
- Leo Tolstoy's work, 'The Kingdom of God is within you'. (1894)
- John Ruskin's work, 'Unto this last' (1860)
- Henry Thoreau's work, 'Civil Disobedience'. (1849)
- Bhagwat Gita
Savarkar
- Born on 28th May 1883, V.D. Savarkar belonged to Nashik, Maharashtra
- Established Mitra Mela in 1899 - a youth group which aimed to inculcate revolutionary nationalist spirit and consciousness among them
- Was deeply influenced by Giuseppe Mazzini and also wrote Mazzini Charitra (1907) a translation of Mazzini's work
- Mitra Mela was later renamed as Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) in 1904
- Savarkar went to England to study law at Grays Inn, London in 1906
- Established Free India Society in 1906 which work towards the cause of India's liberation outside the country
- Staged a play depicting the Revolt of 1857 during the celebration of 50 years in 1907
- Wrote for two years on the Revolt of 1857 from 1907-09 and it got published in 1909 named as; The Indian War of Independence 1857
- Founded guilty in Nasik Conspiracy to district because collector of Nasik AMT Jackson was killed
Punishments
- Savarkar was arrested in 1910 and transported to India to 1911 for 50 years in Cellular Jail (Andamans)(Kala Pani)
- During his time in jailhe was sent to Andamans (Kala Pani) and was put under isolation many times which resulted in physical and mental torture for Savarkar and gave him suicidal thoughts
- Granted conditional release on 6th January 1924
- The release was based on two conditions: - He was not allowed to leave Ratnagiri - He was not supposed to participate in any nationalist activities
- Wrote Essentials of Hindutva in Ratnagiri Jail and sent it out secretly to publish and it got published in 1923
- Established Ratnagiri Hindu Sabha in January 1924; this organization has relation with Hindu Mahasabha
Savarkar Political roles etc
- Became president of Hindu Mahasabha from1937 to 1942 -Slogan on his 59th birthday on 25th May, 1941 was 'Hinduise All Politics and Militarise Hindudom'.
- Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League established a coalition government in 1942 in Sindh and Bengal -Arrested on 4th February 1948 because Gandhi was assassinated
- His notion of Hindutva included common blood, race, language, culture and common fatherland and constitutes of historical, geographical and cultural
- His concept of Nationalism of Savarkar included Swarajya - self-rule, freedom or liberation from colonialism and Swadharma - the ultimate duty to protect one's religion
Savarkar's Normative Imagination:
- Based on three major imaginations social, cultural and linguistic
- Had high imaginations of a Modern India which was egalitarian and caste less with a strong Hindutva Idiom
Savarkar's Work
- -The Indian War of Independence 1857 (1909_
- Essentials of Hindutva (1923)
- Hindu-pad-Padshahi or a Review of the Hindu Empire of Maharashtra (1925)
- Hindu Rasthra Darshan (1949)
- Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History (1963) Major Concepts:
- Hindutva - Nationalism (Swarajya and Swadharma)
- Normative Imagination
B. R. AMBEDKAR
- Born on 14 April, 1891
- Original name was Bhimrao Sakpal
- Being born in Mahar Caste resulted in many difficulties in education for him
- His father registered his name as 'Ambadawekar' but his Brahmin teacher; Krishna Keshav Ambedkar changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records
- In 1907 he enrolled in Elphinstone College and became the first person from Mahar caste to do so
- MA thesis was titled 'Ancient Indian Commerce' and was presented in 1915
- In 1916 he wrote his another thesis named as; 'National Dividend of India- A Historic and Analytical Study' for his another MA
- His first paper which he presented on 9th May, 1916 name was 'Castes in India: There Mechanism, Genesis and Development' -His doctoral these was titled "The problem of the rupee: its origin and its solution" and was presented in 1916
Committees
- In 1918 Ambedkar to testify before the Southborough Committee in July 1918 which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919
- He started Marathi weekly Mooknayak in January 1920
- in 1924 he founded 'Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha' to fight for the rights of the untouchable community to draw water from the 'Chowder Tank' of the town
Movements
-In 1930 started Kalaram Temple Entry with 15000 followers
- First political party 'Independent Labour Party'
- In 1942 started the Schedule Caste Federations
- Ambedkar was Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India
- in March 1924 founder of organization for social equality Bahiskrit Hitkarani Sabha
- founder party Independent Labour Party (1936)
Philosophy
- The concept of State Socialism means implementation of a socialist programme by controlling the industrial and agricultural sectors
- Ambedkars State Socialism includes major and basic industries will owned by the state and agriculture will treated as state industry
Ambedkar's Notable works
- Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development (1916)
- First publication Mook Nayak
- The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution (1923)
- Weekly Bahishkrit Bharat
- Janata (1930)
- The Annihilation of Caste (1936)
- Federation Versus Freedom (1939)
- Thoughts on Pakistan- 1940
- Ranade, Gandhi and Jinnah (1943)
- Mr. Gandhi and Emancipation of Untouchables (1943)
- What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables (1945)
- Pakistan Or Partition Of India (19450
- State and Minorities (1947)
- Who were the Shudras (1948)
- Maharashtra as a Linguistic Province (1948)
- The 1956 article Buddha Or Karl Marx
- His last book was The Buddha and his Dhamma
The Following Had A Influence Of Ambedkar
- John Dewey Jyotirao Phule
- Buddha
- Kabir
- Independent Labour Party was was established in 1936
- Schedule Caste Federations was was established in 1942
- In October in 1956 converts to buddhism
RABINDRANATH TAGORE
- His time period was (1861-1941)
- Place was Calcuatta
- Also was known as the bard of bengal and kobiguru and biswakabi
- In 1901 Founded School Shantiniketan
- School Shantiniketan Turns into a university call visva bharati (1921)
- His main works was Gitanjali, Ghora Sadhana 1913 turns famous
Political
- Criticized the Partition of Bengal (1905)
- Nobel Prize (1913) -Awarded Knighthood (1915)
- Returns the award knighthood because Jallianwala bagh Massacre
- Gandhi call him gurudev
- Main concept Synthetic universialasim and trye Freedom
- His main writtings
- Choker Bali
- Gitanjali (devotion of God), 1910
- Gora (multifarious social life) -The Post Office (19120 -Sadhna (Realization of Life(
- Main thought processes was to have an open society open and people and be free
- People have individual freedoms
- Main belifs was state freesian
- Belifs in three ways of belief in
-
- Indivualy belifs
- --- Beif of Comuinty
-
- -From commentty to universselr
- --- From universal to infinity
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
