Kapitel 16: Hjernefunktion og Sprog
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Questions and Answers

Hvilken forsker præsenterede en rapport om hjernens lateralisation af funktion i 1836?

Marc Dax

Hvad betegner tilstanden, hvor en person har problemer med at tale på grund af hjerneskade?

Afasia

Hvilke tre teknikker bruges til at vurdere cerebral lateralisation?

  • Dichotic listening test (correct)
  • Hjerneundersøgelse med kognitivtest
  • Funktionel billeddannelse af hjernen (correct)
  • Sodium amytal test (correct)

    • Det er bevist, at mandlige hjerner er mere lateraliserede end kvindelige hjerner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er corpus callosums funktion?

    <p>Overførsel af lært materiale fra den ene hjernehalvdel til den anden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilke to forskere gennemførte et banebrydende eksperiment på split-brain katte i 1953?

    <p>Myers og Sperry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken process kaldes det, når den ene hjernehalvdel sender et hint til den anden hjernehalvdel for at hjælpe med at løse en opgave?

    <p>Cross-cuing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er 'helping-hand' fænomenet?

    <p>En situation, hvor en hjernehalvdel griber ind og hjælper den anden hjernehalvdel med at udføre en opgave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type hjerneaktivitet ses oftere under komplekse opgaver i modsætning til simple opgaver?

    <p>Aktivitet i begge hjernehalvdele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den primære funktion af Brocas område i hjernen?

    <p>Sprogproduktion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den primære funktion af Wernickes område i hjernen?

    <p>Sprogforståelse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den primære funktion af arcuate fasciculus?

    <p>Forbindelse mellem Brocas og Wernickes område</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken tilstand betegner tab af evnen til at læse?

    <p>Alexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken model forklarer hjernens lokalisering af sprog?

    <p>Wernicke-Geschwind-modellen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende antagelse i den analytiske-syntetiske teori om cerebral asymmetri?

    <p>Højre hjernehalvdel er specialiseret i holistisk tænkning, mens venstre hjernehalvdel er specialiseret i analytisk tænkning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende antagelse i den motoriske teori om cerebral asymmetri?

    <p>Venstre hjernehalvdel er specialiseret i at kontrollere fintmotoriske bevægelser, inklusive tale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende antagelse i den sproglige teori om cerebral asymmetri?

    <p>Venstre hjernehalvdel er specialiseret i sprog, uanset hvorvidt det er tale eller tegn-sprog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Undersøgelse af split-brain patienter bekræfter fuldstændigt forudsigelserne i Wernicke-Geschwind-modellen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den mest almindelige forklaring på udviklingsmæssig dyslexi?

    <p>En specifik forstyrrelse af fonologisk behandling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilke to metoder bruges til at læse op højt?

    <p>Den leksikale procedure og den fonetiske procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvordan beskriver man tilstanden 'overfladedyslexi'?

    <p>Manglende evne til at udtale ord baseret på specifik hukommelse, men evnen til at anvende udtaleregler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvordan beskriver man tilstanden 'dyb dyslexi'?

    <p>Manglende evne til at anvende udtaleregler, men evnen til at udtale familiære ord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende antagelse i den kognitive neurovidenskabelige tilgang til sprog?

    <p>Sprog er medieret af omfattende aktivitet i hjernen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende antagelse i den kognitive neurovidenskabelige tilgang til sprog, når det kommer til hjernens funktionelle områder?

    <p>Hjernens funktionelle områder er ikke kun dedikeret til sprog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H hvilke tre kategorier inddeles analysen af de kognitiv processer, der er involveret i sprog?

    <p>Fonologisk analyse, grammatisk analyse og semantisk analyse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvordan har Wernicke-Geschwind-modellen været en vigtig teori?

    <p>Den har guidet studier og klinisk diagnose af afasi i over fire årtier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Den kognitive neurovidenskabelige tilgang til sprog antager, at hver sprogbestem proces er et resultat af en kombination af flere kognitive processer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den grundlæggende anta tag else i den kognitive neurovidenskabelige tilgang til sprog, når det kommer til hjernens område involveret i sprog?

    <p>Hjernens områder, der er involveret i sprog, er ikke udelukkende dedikeret til sprog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Funktionel billeddannelse af hjernen kan bevise årsagssammenhæng.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den almindelige fortolkning af omfattende højre hjernehalvdelsaktivitet under sproglige opgaver?

    <p>Den er vigtig for sproglige processer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain

    • Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Early studies summarized the understanding of how specific brain functions are controlled by different hemispheres.
    • Assessment Techniques: Three methods for assessing cerebral lateralization are described: examining patients with left and right hemisphere lesions, the sodium amytal test, the dichotic listening test, and functional brain imaging.
    • Speech Laterality and Handedness: The relationship between speech laterality and handedness is outlined, with evidence from studies showing a strong correlation between the two.
    • Sex Differences in Lateralization: The hypothesis about whether male brains are more lateralized than female brains is described and evaluated, with findings indicating limited support for this hypothesis.
    • The Split Brain Experiment: Myers and Sperry's groundbreaking experiment on split-brain cats demonstrated how each hemisphere could function independently following surgical disconnection of the corpus callosum.
    • Visual Experience in Split-Brain Patients: The methodology used to demonstrate hemispheric independence of visual experience in human split-brain patients, a form of surgical intervention to treat severe cases of epilepsy, is explained. This process involves isolating visual input to one hemisphere while keeping the other one from receiving the stimulus.
    • Evidence for Hemispheric Independence: Clear evidence supporting the independence of the hemispheres of split-brain patients is detailed. Various tests illustrate how the hemispheres can operate individually.
    • Cross-Cuing in Split-Brain Patients: The process of cross-cuing, a form of indirect communication between the hemispheres, is outlined. Split-brain patients use this to communicate with each other despite their surgical disconnection.
    • Helping-Hand Phenomenon and Chimeric Figures Test: The concept of "helping-hand phenomenon" and the related use of chimeric figures in studies of split-brain patients are described. These methods demonstrate how the separate hemispheres can cooperate in certain tasks.
    • Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients: A case study of a patient named Peter, illustrating how the right hemisphere can sometimes try to take control of everyday behavior impacting the patient is presented. This shows that complete hemispheric independence isn't the only outcome of split-brain surgery. The possibility of conflict between the hemispheres is raised.
    • The Case of Peter: The patient's right hemisphere occasionally interfered with the left hemisphere's control of everyday actions.
    • Independence of Hemispheres: The concept, that complete hemispheric independence is not the only result of the surgery, and instances where communication between the hemispheres can still occur is explored.

    Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction

    • Early Research: Summarized a doctor's early 1800s observation about the relative lack of speech problems in patients with right-hemisphere brain damage; this inspired later research.
    • Aphasia and Apraxia: Early studies on aphasia (language disorder) and apraxia (movement disorder) show links to left-hemisphere damage.
    • Cerebral Dominance: The development of the concept of cerebral dominance, where one hemisphere (usually left) assumes the dominant role in complex behaviors.
    • Lateralization of Function: The discovery of language and motor lateralization became a major focus of neuroscientific research, setting a stage for deeper investigations into cerebral lateralization.

    Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization and Language

    • Theories: Three theories explaining the evolution of cerebral lateralization are presented, analyzed, and evaluated: analytic-synthetic theory (describing different cognitive styles), motor theory (linking language to fine motor control), and linguistic theory (linking language to a primary left hemisphere function).
    • The Case of W.L.: A case study of a deaf man demonstrating sign language aphasia after a stroke, suggesting a crucial role for the left hemisphere in language processing.
    • Evolution of Human Language: Describing human language as unique among species and pointing out similarities and differences in communication systems amongst non-human primates, to gain insight into the development of language in humans.

    Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model

    • Historical Antecedents: Describes the historical background of the Wernicke-Geschwind model, including the work of Broca, Wernicke, and Dejerine, and their descriptions of different types of aphasia (speech disorders) related to specific brain damages.
    • Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia: Detailed descriptions of symptoms and locations associated with damage to Broca's area (expressive language) and Wernicke's area (receptive language).
    • Conduction Aphasia: Description of impairments in language repetition associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus (connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas).
    • Agraphia and Alexia: Specific impairments in writing (agraphia) and reading (alexia), connected to damage in the angular gyrus.

    Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence

    • Cortical Damage Studies: Evidence of cortical damage studies is examined, showing that the model's predictions are not always supported by real-world observations.

    Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities

    • Brain Stimulation Studies: Examining the effects of electrical stimulation of the cortex on language abilities, noting their widely dispersed locations.

    Cognitive Neuroscience of Language

    • Three Premise Approach: The three fundamental premises outlining the cognitive neuroscience approach to language are explained, highlighting how it differs from the Wernicke-Geschwind model (distributed vs. localized processing).
    • Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia: Overview of dyslexia. Its major characteristics and types (developmental and acquired), including related cognitive theories .

    Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language

    • Bavelier's fMRI Study: Details a functional MRI study examining brain activity during silent reading, emphasizing that language-related activity is not restricted to the Wernicke-Geschwind areas.
    • Damasio's PET Study: Describes a positron emission tomography (PET) study focusing on temporal-lobe activity involved in naming objects, demonstrating that naming activates areas outside classical language areas.

    Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms

    • Causes and Neural Mechanisms: Overview of theories about the causes and neural underpinnings of developmental dyslexia; the role of phonological processing is emphasized. Deep and Surface Dyslexia is explained: Two forms of dyslexia, where reading impairments involve either disruptions in the lexical procedure or the phonetic procedure respectively.

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    Description

    Denne quiz dækker emner fra kapitel 16 om hjerne lateralization, sprog og split-hjerne eksperimenter. Du vil lære om de forskellige metoder til vurdering af hjernefunktioner samt forholdet mellem sprog lateralitet og håndedhed. Derudover vil du få indsigt i kønsforskelle i lateralization.

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