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Basic Components of a Computer

• A computer system consists of hardware (physical parts) and software (instructions).
• Hardware includes the CPU, RAM, storage devices (hard drives and SSDs), input devices (keyboard, mouse), and output devices (monitor, printer).
• The CPU is the computer's "brain," processing calculations and instructions.
• RAM is temporary memory holding data and instructions the CPU uses.
• Storage devices keep data even when the computer is off.
• Input devices allow users to give instructions to the computer.
• Output devices show the results of computer processes.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU fetches, decodes, executes instructions, and stores results.
• It has an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for calculations and a Control Unit (CU) to manage components.
• CPU speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), representing billions of cycles per second.
• Multiple CPU cores enable parallel processing for better performance.

Memory (RAM)

• RAM is temporary memory; data disappears when power is off.
• It enables fast data access for the CPU.
• The amount of RAM affects simultaneous program execution.
• More RAM leads to improved overall performance.

Storage Devices

• Persistent storage devices remember data after the computer is turned off.
• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) use magnetic storage on spinning platters.
• Solid State Drives (SSDs) use flash memory for faster storage.
• External drives (USB, external hard drives) provide extra storage space.

Input and Output Devices

• Input devices let users interact with the computer.
• Common examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones.
• Output devices display or present computer information to users.
• Common examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.

Software

• Software gives instructions to computer hardware for tasks.
• Operating systems (like Windows, macOS, Linux) manage all hardware and software, making it usable.
• Applications (word processors, web browsers) perform specific tasks.
• Programming languages are used to create software.

Data Representation

• Computers use binary code (0s and 1s) to store information.
• Each 0 or 1 is a bit.
• Eight bits form a byte, used to represent different data types (numbers, characters, images).
• Character encoding standards (ASCII, Unicode) represent characters.

Computer Networks

• Computers connect to share resources and communicate.
• Networks include local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
• The internet is a global WAN.
• Protocols like TCP/IP enable data transfer between computers.

Types of Computers

• Personal computers (PCs) are meant for individual use.
• Workstations are powerful computers for tasks like design and video editing.
• Servers provide resources and services to other network devices.
• Mobile devices (phones, tablets) are portable computers with limited but growing power.
• Supercomputers are the most powerful computers, used for complex calculations.

Basic Computer Operations

• Fetch-Decode-Execute is the sequence a CPU follows to run instructions.
• Data processing involves changing data to produce results.
• Input, process, output, and storage are fundamental computer operations.

Software Development Lifecycle

• Software creation stages include planning, design, implementation, testing, and deployment.
• Software development involves defining problems, designing solutions, coding, testing, and deploying software.