Questions and Answers
What did Kant believe about psychology's status as an empirical science?
Kant felt that psychology could be governed by the laws of mathematics.
False
Who was the philosopher that contributed significantly to modern psychology during the European Age of Enlightenment?
Kant
Kant published his famous work, Critique of Pure Reason, in _____ (year).
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Match the following fields with their characteristics according to Kant's views:
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What method did Kant believe must be used in psychology?
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Kant argued that we can rationally study other people's thoughts.
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What was the significant period when Kant made his philosophical contributions?
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What principle suggests avoiding the assumption of human-like faculties in explaining animal behavior?
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Morgan denied the existence of internal cognitive events in animals.
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Who officially founded the modern school of behaviorism?
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The behaviorist manifesto was presented by JB Watson at a lecture in __________ University.
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Match the following thinkers with their contributions or key concepts:
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What did JB Watson criticize during his 1913 lecture?
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According to the principles discussed, cognition is essential to explain all human behavior.
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The concept of __________ implies that we should seek simpler explanations for behavior, avoiding human-like interpretations.
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What determines whether reinforcement or punishment is occurring?
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Detention is an example of positive reinforcement.
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What do we call it when something is taken away to reduce a behavior?
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When a behavior is increased through the application of a pleasant stimulus, it is called __________ reinforcement.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What might be a consequence of behavior that increases despite punishment?
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Being caned can lead to an increase in disruptiveness if the individual gains respect from peers.
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What is it important to identify when classifying behavior changes?
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What is a key element of Skinner's operant theory?
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According to Skinner, people who have been punished are less likely to engage in the same behavior again.
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What can be a potential unintended consequence of emphasizing the dangers of smoking in health campaigns?
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In animal training, desired behaviors are typically encouraged through __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which method is typically used to change undesired behavior according to behavior modification principles?
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Skinner's principles of reinforcement apply only to animal training and are not relevant to human behavior.
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Define the term 'real drivers' in the context of behavior change.
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Which psychologist is known for studying more complex behaviors through mazes?
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B.F. Skinner primarily studied purposive behavior in his experiments.
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What animal did Edward Tolman typically use in his maze studies?
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In conditioning, the ________ is the response that is reinforced.
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What was one approach Sheldon used to condition Penny's behavior?
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Match the following psychologists to their focus of study:
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Tolman's use of mazes involved decision-making by the animals.
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What is the significance of the learned association in animals?
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Study Notes
Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution
- The European Age of Enlightenment coincided with the onset of the Scientific Revolution, emphasizing scientific understanding of the natural world.
- Immanuel Kant, a 19th-century German philosopher, significantly influenced modern philosophy and psychology.
Kant's Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology
- Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason," published in 1781, questioned if psychology could be an empirical science like chemistry or physics.
- He argued that the mind and its functions were beyond empirical study, suggesting that introspection must guide psychological study.
- Kant posited that internal psychological processes could only be understood through our own rational examination.
Morgan’s Canon
- Morgan's Canon warns against inferring human-like mental states in animal behavior explanations when simpler, observable alternatives exist.
- This principle suggests that human cognition may not be necessary to explain human behavior, promoting more straightforward behavioral explanations.
Rise of Behaviorism
- Discontent with 19th-century psychological practices led to the development of behaviorism, formally established by American psychologist J.B. Watson in the early 20th century.
- Watson's 1913 lecture, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," criticized introspection and argued against invoking consciousness or internal processes.
Learning, Reinforcement, and Punishment
- Behavior change can be analyzed in terms of reinforcement (increasing behavior) or punishment (decreasing behavior), through observational methods.
- Different contexts, such as classroom behavior, differentiate between reinforcement (e.g., becoming more attentive) and punishment (e.g., decrease in disruptiveness).
- Understanding behavior change requires careful consideration of the observed effects of actions and their unintended consequences.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
- B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning principles apply to both animals and humans, emphasizing reinforcement over punishment for behavior modification.
- Learning remains available for future use, even in cases of punishment, contradicting the belief that punishment alone reduces undesired behavior.
Practical Applications and Observations
- Unintended consequences, like increased risk-taking behaviors from health campaigns, highlight the need for thorough analysis of behavior modification strategies.
- Techniques for behavior modification focus primarily on reinforcing desired behaviors rather than punishing undesired ones, applicable in various settings including animal training.
Edward Tolman's Research
- Edward Tolman, a notable neo-behaviorist, studied complex, purposive behaviors using mazes in experiments with rats.
- His approach highlighted decision-making processes involving choices, contrasting with Skinner's simpler behavioral tasks, suggesting a cognitive dimension to learning.
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Description
This quiz explores the contributions of Immanuel Kant, a pivotal figure in the European Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution. Delve into his philosophical ideas and their impact on modern psychology and science during the 19th century.
