क्लासिकल व्यापार सिद्धांत

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Questions and Answers

Mercantilism का मूल विचार क्या है?

व्यापार में सब कुछ असमानता को नजरअंदाज करना

सभी वस्तुओं का उत्पादन करना

सिर्फ आयात को बढ़ाना

राज्य हस्तक्षेप से व्यापार को नियंत्रित करना (correct)

Absolute advantage का सिद्धांत किसने विकसित किया?

David Ricardo

John Keynes

Karl Marx

Adam Smith (correct)

Comparative advantage क्या सुझाव देता है?

सभी देशों को सभी वस्तुओं का उत्पादन करना चाहिए

विशेषीकरण और व्यापार दोनों देशों के लिए लाभकारी हो सकता है (correct)

व्यापार का कोई लाभ नहीं है

अगर कोई देश सभी वस्तुओं में अधिक कुशल है, तो उसे व्यापार नहीं करना चाहिए

Heckscher-Ohlin मॉडल के अनुसार, देशों की तुलना का मुख्य आधार क्या है?

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Gravity model के अनुसार, व्यापार प्रवाह किससे प्रभावित होते हैं?

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किस कारक का एक राष्ट्र के व्यापार में गंभीर प्रभाव हो सकता है?

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निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कारक व्यापार को बढ़ावा देने में मददगार हो सकता है?

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कौन सा व्यापार अवरोध विदेशी प्रतिस्पर्धा से घरेलू उद्योगों की रक्षा करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है?

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फ्री ट्रेड के सामान्य लाभ कौन से होते हैं?

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आर्थिक पैमाने का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या होता है?

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Study Notes

Classical Trade Theories

Mercantilism prioritized maximizing exports and minimizing imports, believing a nation's wealth was directly tied to its holdings of gold and silver. This approach, prevalent in the 16th and 17th centuries, advocated government intervention in trade to achieve a favorable balance of trade.
Absolute advantage, advanced by Adam Smith, posits that countries should specialize in producing goods where they have lower opportunity costs. By focusing on areas of efficiency, nations can increase overall output and trade mutually beneficial goods.
Comparative advantage, developed by David Ricardo, builds on absolute advantage. It suggests that even if one nation is more efficient in producing all goods, specialization and trade can still benefit both nations as long as they have a comparative advantage in producing specific goods. This means they have a lower opportunity cost in producing that good compared to the other nation.

Modern Trade Theories

Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model suggests that a country's comparative advantage stems from its factor endowments. Countries abundant in capital will specialize in capital-intensive goods, while countries abundant in labor will specialize in labor-intensive goods.
Product life cycle theory explains that as a product moves through its life cycle, the location of production may shift from the innovator's country to other countries with lower costs. Initially, the product is produced and consumed in the innovating country, but eventually, the production shifts to other countries as costs become more competitive.
New trade theory highlights the role of economies of scale and network effects in international trade. It argues that first-mover advantages and strategic trade policies can influence international trade patterns. Certain industries, particularly those with significant economies of scale, may see greater success or be established where initially, only one country has the capability.

Other Important Concepts

Gravity model posits that bilateral trade flows are positively related to the sizes of the two trading partners' economies and negatively related to the distance between them. Larger economies tend to trade more, and shorter distances facilitate trade.
Factor proportions theory (Heckscher-Ohlin model) explains trade patterns based on differences in the relative abundance of factors of production (capital and labor) across countries.
Country size has an impact on a country's openness to trade; larger economies are often more economically independent and less willing to engage in trade, whilst smaller nations often find it advantageous to trade.
Economies of scale are significant drivers of trade. A nation can often achieve lower production costs by focusing on specific products.
Trade barriers exist: tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and non-tariff barriers that are used to influence international trade. Governments frequently implement these barriers to protect domestic industries from foreign competition or promote certain domestic industries/products.
Free trade is generally accepted to offer benefits to participating countries, but there can often be costs to particular regions or groups (i.e., domestic-industry workers) within a nation.

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यह क्विज़ क्लासिकल व्यापार सिद्धांतों जैसे कि मर्केंटिलिज़्म, पूर्ण लाभ और तुलनात्मक लाभ पर केंद्रित है। ये सिद्धांत बताते हैं कि कैसे देश अपने संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग कर सकते हैं और व्यापार को बढ़ावा दे सकते हैं। व्यापार सिद्धांतों की यह समझ आर्थिक विकास और अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।