क्लासिकल मेकैनिक्स

Classical Mechanics

• Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects.
• It's based on Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation.
• Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F=ma)
• Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Concepts of force, mass, acceleration, momentum and energy are central to classical mechanics.
• Motion can be analyzed using kinematic equations relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
• Gravitational force is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
• Central forces, like gravity and electrostatic forces, have special properties that allow for the derivation of conservation laws.

Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics describes the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
• It deals with macroscopic properties of systems rather than microscopic details.
• Key concepts include:
  • Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
  • Heat: energy transferred between objects due to a temperature difference.
  • Work: energy transfer that occurs when a force acts through a distance.
  • Internal energy: the total energy stored within a system due to the kinetic and potential energies of its particles.
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
• The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time or remain constant in ideal cases of thermodynamic equilibrium.
• The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfectly ordered crystalline substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
• Key concepts of thermodynamic processes include isobaric, isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic processes.

Electromagnetism

• Electromagnetism deals with the interaction between electric charges and magnetic fields.
• Electric fields are produced by stationary charges, and magnetic fields are produced by moving charges.
• Electric force between two point charges is described by Coulomb's law.
• Electric flux is the measure of the electric field passing through a surface.
• Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge.
• Magnetic fields are described by Ampère's law, which relates the magnetic field to the current and by Biot-Savart's Law, which describes the magnetic field due to a current element.
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.

Optics

• Optics deals with the behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, and interference.
• Reflection is the bouncing of light off a surface.
• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
• Laws of reflection and refraction govern these phenomena.
• Mirrors and lenses utilize reflection and refraction to manipulate light.
• Interference occurs when two or more light waves overlap, resulting in either constructive (increased intensity) or destructive (reduced intensity) interference.

Relativity

• Relativity encompasses special and general relativity.
• Special relativity deals with the relationship between space and time for observers moving at constant velocities relative to each other.
• Key postulates of special relativity are that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion and that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source.
• Time dilation and length contraction are consequences of special relativity.
• General relativity deals with the relationship between gravity and the curvature of spacetime.
• Mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) is a key concept.
• Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime predicted by general relativity.

Quantum Mechanics

• Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level.
• It differs significantly from classical mechanics.
• Key concepts include:
  • Quantization of energy and other physical properties.
  • Wave-particle duality of matter (particles have wave-like properties).
  • Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that certain pairs of physical properties cannot be known precisely simultaneously.
• Quantum mechanics is probabilistic, meaning that it predicts the probability of an outcome rather than a definite value.
• Schrödinger's equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes how quantum states change over time.
• Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in which two or more particles become linked in such a way that they share the same fate, regardless of the distance separating them.

क्लासिकल मेकैनिक्स में बड़े पैमाने पर वस्तुओं की गति का वर्णन किया गया है। न्यूटन के गति के नियमों और सार्वभौमिक कारण के सिद्धांतों के आधार पर, ये नियम वस्तुओं की गति, बल और द्रव्यमान के बीच के संबंध को समझाते हैं। इस क्विज़ में आप शारीरिक अवधारणाओं का परीक्षण करेंगे।