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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?

  • To begin bending light and form images (correct)
  • To adjust the size of the pupil
  • To enhance color perception
  • To nourish the inner part of the eye

Which component of the eye is responsible for adjusting the amount of light entering?

  • Iris (correct)
  • Lens
  • Retina
  • Fovea

What is the role of bipolar cells in the retina?

  • To control the amount of aqueous humor
  • To sharpen images (correct)
  • To form the optic nerve
  • To adjust the shape of the lens

The dorsal stream originating from the occipital cortex is primarily involved in processing what aspect of vision?

<p>Movement detection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of color vision explains color deficiency but not other color vision phenomena?

<p>Trichromatic Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the opponent process system in color vision?

<p>Ganglion Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens when viewing distant objects?

<p>It flattens as muscles relax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genotype' refer to?

<p>An individual's complete set of genetic instructions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

<p>Different versions of a gene are known as alleles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason males are more likely to inherit hemophilia?

<p>It is caused by an allele found on the X chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'epigenetics' refer to?

<p>The expression of genes influenced by environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does being 'homozygous' signify in genetic terms?

<p>An individual has identical alleles for a gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fraternal twins?

<p>They are formed from separate eggs fertilized by separate sperm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition correctly describes 'relatedness' in genetic terms?

<p>The genetic similarity between two individuals from a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the sex chromosomes of most females?

<p>They typically carry two X chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cilia in taste receptor cells?

<p>To transduce taste stimuli into neural signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is NOT mentioned as part of the pathway for taste information processing?

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Default Mode Network (DMN) play in consciousness?

<p>Decreases awareness in conscious tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prosopagnosia commonly referred to as?

<p>Face blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do seizures primarily affect consciousness?

<p>By causing unconsciousness and convulsions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of drugs that inhibit GABA?

<p>They produce seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome involves a distortion of emotional recognition?

<p>Capgras Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between GABA and seizures?

<p>Decreased GABA levels can lead to seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes partial seizures from generalized seizures?

<p>Partial seizures are associated with an aura or premonition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seizure is characterized by violent contractions and a subsequent coma period?

<p>Tonic-clonic seizures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do zeitgebers play in circadian rhythms?

<p>They synchronize internal clocks with external environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does artificial lighting affect sleep?

<p>It can break down melatonin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for seasonal depression?

<p>Bright light exposure, with or without melatonin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of beta activity in EEG indicates a person is actively thinking?

<p>Rapid, irregular, low-amplitude waves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circadian rhythms are regulated by which part of the brain?

<p>Hypothalamus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chronotypes is correct?

<p>They refer to individual differences in sleep and activity patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inability to form new memories?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high acetylcholine (ACh) levels potentially have on memory?

<p>Impairs memory consolidation and retrieval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is correlated with procedural memories?

<p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is suggested to improve memory retention when learning new information?

<p>Spacing out the input of information over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in learning?

<p>Regulates learning-related synaptic changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the memory process?

<p>Encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does short-term memory typically hold information?

<p>About 30 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Atkinson and Shiffrin's multistore model of memory propose?

<p>Data flows through distinct stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a meme according to Richard Dawkins?

<p>The basic unit of cultural transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of retrieval failure in memory?

<p>Interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural transmission' refer to?

<p>How individuals learn behaviors through observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of memory as viewed by evolutionary psychologists?

<p>To coordinate present behavior using past information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of memory is information held for the shortest duration?

<p>Sensory Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nature vs. Nurture

The interplay between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in shaping characteristics.

Genotype

Your complete set of genetic instructions.

Phenotype

Observable traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Epigenetics

How environmental factors affect gene expression.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele.

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Sex-linked traits

Traits determined by genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y) .

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Cornea

The transparent outer layer of the eye that begins bending light to focus it on the retina.

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Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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Iris

The colored, muscular ring around the pupil that controls its size.

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Lens

The transparent, flexible structure behind the pupil that bends light to focus it on the retina.

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Retina

The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals.

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What are the two major visual pathways?

The dorsal stream (movement/spatial processing) and the ventral stream (object recognition).

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What is the role of the thalamus in vision?

The thalamus receives visual information from the eyes and relays it to the amygdala and primary visual cortex.

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What are opponent process systems?

Systems in the brain that process color information by comparing opposing pairs of colors (e.g., red/green, blue/yellow).

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Gustation

The sense of taste, involving specialized receptors in the mouth that detect chemical stimuli in food.

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Taste Buds

Small, oval-shaped structures located on the tongue and palate that contain taste receptor cells.

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Taste Receptor Cells

Specialized cells within taste buds that detect chemical molecules dissolved in saliva, sending signals to the brain.

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Consciousness

The state of being aware of oneself and one's surroundings, including internal thoughts and external stimuli.

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Self-Awareness

The ability to focus on oneself as an object of attention, reflecting on thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

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Default Mode Network (DMN)

A network of brain regions that shows high activity when the mind is at rest or engaged in internal thought processes.

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Prosopagnosia

A neurological disorder that impairs the ability to recognize faces, despite normal vision.

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Capgras Syndrome

A delusional disorder where a person believes that a loved one has been replaced by an imposter.

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Partial Seizure

Seizures originating in a specific brain area, often accompanied by an aura or premonition.

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Generalized Seizure

Seizures involving widespread brain activity, not localized to a specific region.

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Tonic-clonic Seizure

A type of generalized seizure with a distinct sequence: loss of consciousness, muscle stiffness, violent contractions, and coma.

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Absence Seizure

A generalized seizure characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, often with limited motor activity like blinking or head turns.

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Circadian Rhythm

The natural, internal 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and other bodily processes.

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Zeitgeber

External cues that synchronize internal biological clocks with the environment.

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Beta Activity

EEG pattern associated with alertness, active thinking, and being awake.

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Alpha Activity

EEG pattern associated with a relaxed, wakeful state but with closed eyes.

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Cultural Transmission

The process by which information, beliefs, and behaviors are passed down from one generation to the next within a society.

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Memory

The ability to retain and retrieve learned information over time.

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Encoding

The process of acquiring information and converting it into a format that can be stored in memory.

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Storage

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time, ranging from fractions of a second to indefinitely.

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Retrieval

The process of recovering stored information from memory.

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Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds large amounts of incoming sensory information.

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Short-Term Memory

A limited-capacity memory system that holds information for a short period, typically around 30 seconds.

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What is anterograde amnesia?

The inability to form new memories after a brain injury or event.

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What are areas of the temporal lobe and insula important for?

They are important for remembering emotional, personal experiences.

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Source amnesia

When you retain knowledge but can't recall how you learned it.

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What is the role of the basal ganglia in memory?

They are correlated with procedural memories, like riding a bike.

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How does acetylcholine (ACh) affect memory?

High levels can impair memory, while low levels during sleep help transfer information to long-term storage.

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Study Notes

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