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Questions and Answers

What are the three steps to the process of selecting a data structure?

  • Data, Operations on them, Representation of the data, Implementation (correct)
  • Operations on them, Data, Representation of the data
  • Data, Operations on them, Implementation
  • Representation of the data, Implementation, Data, Operations on them

    • What is the purpose of a Primary Key?

    A unique data item for each record in a file.

    What is the classification of data structures that are created using primitive data structures?

  • Non-primitive Data Structures (correct)
  • Primitive Data Structures
  • Non-linear Data Structures
  • Linear Data Structures

    • Linear Data Structures store elements in a linear or sequential order.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these data structures are considered Linear Data Structures?

    <p>Queue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common solution to the limitations of an array?

    <p>Dynamic arrays or linked lists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of a Linked List that makes it highly flexible and dynamic?

    <p>Each node in a linked list is allocated space as it is added to the list.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the last node in a linked list?

    <p>Tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a linked list?

    <p>It is easier to insert or delete data elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a stack?

    <p>Last-in, first-out (LIFO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stacks can be implemented using which of the following?

    <p>Linked Lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the operations performed on a stack?

    <p>Peek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two other terms that describe the operations of adding and deleting elements from a queue?

    <p>Enqueue and Dequeue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of a queue when "rear = MAX-1"?

    <p>Queue is full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition is the queue considered to be empty?

    <p>front = NULL and rear = NULL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a tree data structure?

    <p>A hierarchical ordering of elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which node in a tree is designated as the root and why?

    <p>The root node is the topmost node in a tree. Its role is crucial as it functions like the starting point for navigating the entire tree structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a node in a tree that does not have any child nodes?

    <p>Leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest form of a tree?

    <p>A binary tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A binary tree consists of a root node, only a left sub-tree and a left sub-tree.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The root element is the bottommost node which is pointed to by a root pointer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of the tree when the root element is NULL?

    <p>The tree is empty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a tree?

    <p>Quick search, insert and delete operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a graph data structure?

    <p>Non-linear structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of edges in a graph?

    <p>To connect vertices (nodes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how a graph can be viewed as a generalization of a tree structure.

    <p>Trees define parent-child relationships, whereas graphs can represent more complex relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the special characteristic of a graph compared to a tree?

    <p>Graphs do not have a root node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for two nodes that are connected to each other in a graph?

    <p>Neighbours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a graph as a data structure?

    <p>They can represent real-world situations effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of a graph?

    <p>Some algorithms involving graphs can be complex and time-consuming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for "a fundamental data type supported by the programming language?"

    <p>Primitive data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operations are considered to be performed on data structures?

    <p>Deleting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?

    <p>The way we look at a data structure focusing on what it does while ignoring how it does its job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Structures Overview

    • Data Structures are used to organize data in a computer so it can be used efficiently
    • Good programs are correct, easy to read, understand, debug, and modify
    • Data management involves activities like data collection, organization, and quality assurance
    • A data structure is a group of data elements under one name, defining how data is stored and organized in a computer

    Basic Terminology

    • A good program: Runs correctly, is easy to read/understand, easy to debug, and easy to modify
    • Data management concepts are needed for writing efficient programs

    Basic Terminology

    • Data Management is complex, including:
      • Data collection
      • Data organization into appropriate structures
      • Procedures for quality assurance

    Basic Terminology- Applications

    • Data structures apply to:
      • Compiler design
      • Operating Systems
      • Statistical analysis packages
      • DBMS
      • Numerical analysis
      • Simulation
      • Artificial intelligence
      • Graphics

    Basic Terminology- Problem Solving

    • When selecting a data structure:
      • Analyze the problem to determine needed operations (e.g., inserting, deleting, searching)
      • Quantify resource constraints for each operation
      • Choose the best data structure to meet needs

    Basic Terminology- Process

    • Data structure selection is a crucial decision affecting program performance.
    • Steps for building Data Structures:
      • Gather data & identify the needed operations
      • Develop data representation
      • Implement data structure/algorithm

    Data Structure Organization

    • Data: A value or set of values (e.g., student marks, employee name, customer address)
    • Record: A collection of related data items (e.g., name, address, course, marks)
    • File: A collection of related records (e.g., all students in a class, employees in an organization)
    • Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a file (e.g., student ID, employee ID)

    Classification of Data Structures

    • Primitive Data Structures: Fundamental data types (integer, float, character, boolean)
    • Non-primitive Data Structures: Created using primitive data to store, retrieve, manipulate data
    • Linear Data Structures (elements in order): Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues
    • Non-linear Data Structures (no sequential order): Trees, Graphs, Hash Tables

    Linear Data Structure

    • Linear data structures store elements in a sequential manner; examples: arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues
    • Arrays: Store elements consecutively in memory; have fixed size
    • Linked Lists: Elements linked through pointers; have flexible size
    • Stacks: Insertion and deletion at one end (LIFO - Last In, First Out)
    • Queues: Insertion at one end, deletion at the other (FIFO - First In, First Out.)

    Non-Linear Data Structure

    • Elements are not stored sequentially. Examples include trees, graphs, hash tables.
    • Trees: Hierarchical data structures with a root node; nodes connected by branches
    • Graphs: Vertices (nodes) and edges (connections); connections can be complex
    • Hash Tables: Data management strategy based on hashing algorithms; efficient search, insertion and deletion operation.

    Arrays

    • Arrays store items of the same data type sequentially in memory.

    • Arrays have a fixed size; indices start from 0

    • Advantages

      • Easy access to elements using indices

    • Disadvantages

      • Fixed size

    Linked Lists

    • Linked lists have nodes consisting of data and a pointer to the next node to accommodate dynamic sizes.
    • Advantages
      • Flexible size
      • Easy insertion/deletion
    • Disadvantages
      • Slow search
      • More space needed

    Stacks

    • Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) structure; insertion and deletion only at the top.
    • Operations: push (add to top), pop (remove from top), peek (view the top element)
    • Applications: Function calls, undo/redo operations

    Queues

    • First-In, First-Out (FIFO) structure; insertion at one end, deletion at the other.
    • Operations: enqueue (add to rear), dequeue(remove from front), peek (view front element)
    • Used in tasks involving waiting lines, buffers.

    Trees

    • Non-linear Hierarchical data structures.

    • Nodes organized in a tree-like structure.

    • Binary Trees: Each node has at most two children (left and right).

    • Root: Topmost node.

    • Leaf: Nodes with no children.

    • Applications: Representing hierarchies, organizing data, searching algorithms

    Graphs

    • Non-linear data structure with vertices (nodes) and edges connecting them.
    • Nodes represent objects, edges show relationships.
    • Applications: Maps, social networks, scheduling

    Operations on Data Structures

    • Traversing: Access each item once. (e.g., print names of all students in a class)
    • Searching: Finding an item satisfying a given criterion. (e.g., finding students with 100 in Math)
    • Inserting: Adding new items. (e.g., adding a new student to the list)
    • Deleting: Removing an item. (e.g. removing a student who left the course)
    • Sorting: Arranging items in a specific order. (e.g. alphabetical order of students names.)
    • Merging: Combining two sorted lists into one.

    Abstract Data Type (ADT)

    • ADT is a mathematical model of data, with a set of operations defined on the data but independent of its implementation.
    • Focuses on what an object does, ignoring the implementation details.

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