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Questions and Answers

What is an artifact?

  • A human-made object, such as tools and jewelry (correct)
  • A historical document
  • A type of currency
  • A naturally occurring object
  • What does culture refer to?

    A people's unique way of life.

    What is a hominid?

    Humans and other creatures that walk upright.

    Define the Paleolithic Age.

    <p>A period of time known as the Old Stone Age, lasting from about 2.5 million years ago to 8000 B.C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the Neolithic Age?

    <p>A period also known as the New Stone Age that began around 8000 B.C. and lasted until around 3000 B.C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technology?

    <p>The way that people use knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Homo sapiens mean?

    <p>Wise men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nomad?

    <p>A highly mobile people group who move from place to place foraging for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a hunter-gatherer.

    <p>Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plants for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Also known as the Agricultural Revolution, a shift from hunting and gathering to farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is slash-and-burn farming?

    <p>Cutting down trees or grasses and burning them to clear land for farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define domestication.

    <p>The taming of wild animals for human use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a civilization?

    <p>Complex culture with cities and institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specialization in terms of work?

    <p>The development of skills in a specific kind of work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are artisans?

    <p>Skilled workers who make goods by hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define an institution in a community.

    <p>A long-lasting pattern of organization such as government and religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scribe?

    <p>Professional record keepers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cuneiform mean?

    <p>Wedge-shaped; a form of writing developed by Sumerian scribes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Bronze Age begin?

    <p>Around 3000 B.C. in Sumer when bronze started to be used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is barter?

    <p>A way of trading goods and services without using money.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ziggurat?

    <p>A tiered, pyramid-shaped temple used as a place of religious worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Homo erectus mean?

    <p>Upright man; a species believed to have developed technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Catal Huyuk?

    <p>One of the oldest settlements in the world from the Neolithic age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ur?

    <p>A thriving city-state in Sumer, now Southern Iraq.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Homo habilis mean?

    <p>Man of skill; term for early homo species known for tool-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prehistoric refer to?

    <p>A time period around 5000 years ago before writing was invented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Lucy?

    <p>The adult skull of a female hominid discovered in Ethiopia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define irrigation.

    <p>The process of diverting water to water crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the Leakeys?

    <p>A husband and wife team of anthropologists known for early human discoveries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Shanidar Cave known for?

    <p>A cave where a Neanderthal funeral was believed to have taken place 60,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a Neanderthal.

    <p>A species that lived around 200,000 to 30,000 years ago, known for intelligence and rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cro-Magnon refer to?

    <p>Ancestors identical to modern humans who appeared around 40,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are australopithecines?

    <p>Any hominid that walked upright.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Olduvai Gorge known for?

    <p>The discovery site of the first Homo habilis bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Ice Man?

    <p>A Stone Age man named Otsi found frozen in the Italian Alps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Terms and Concepts

    • Artifact: Human-made objects like tools and jewelry that provide insights into past cultures.
    • Culture: The unique way of life of a people, encompassing customs, beliefs, and practices.
    • Hominid: Refers to humans and other upright-walking creatures, marking an evolutionary stage.
    • Paleolithic Age: Known as the Old Stone Age, lasting from approximately 2.5 million years ago to 8000 B.C.
    • Neolithic Age: The New Stone Age, starting around 8000 B.C. and ending around 3000 B.C., characterized by advancements in agriculture and tool-making.

    Development of Society

    • Technology: The application of knowledge and tools to fulfill human needs, pivotal in early human progress.
    • Homo Sapiens: The species name for modern humans meaning "Wise Men," noted for larger brain size compared to earlier hominids.
    • Nomad: Highly mobile groups that migrate in search of food sources.
    • Hunter-Gatherer: Nomadic groups reliant on hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance.

    Agricultural Transformation

    • Neolithic Revolution: The significant transition from hunting-gathering to farming, also known as the Agricultural Revolution.
    • Slash-and-Burn Farming: An agricultural method that involves clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation.
    • Domestication: The process of taming wild animals for human utility, crucial for agricultural societies.

    Characteristics of Civilization

    • Civilization: Complex cultures defined by advanced cities, specialized workers, institutions, record-keeping, and technology.
    • Specialization: The development of specific skills in particular trades or crafts.
    • Artisan: Skilled individuals who produce handmade goods.

    Writing and Record-Keeping

    • Institution: Established patterns of organization in societies, including government and religious practices.
    • Scribe: Professional record keepers who documented events, transactions, and cultural lore.
    • Cuneiform: A wedge-shaped writing system developed by Sumerian scribes that utilized pictographs.

    Historical Milestones

    • Bronze Age: Began around 3000 B.C. in Sumer with the advent of bronze tools and weapons, replacing stone and copper.
    • Barter: The system of trading goods and services without currency.
    • Ziggurat: A tiered temple structure used for religious worship, meaning "Mountain of God."

    Early Hominids and Discoveries

    • Homo Erectus: Known as 'upright man', lived about 1.6 million years ago, demonstrating early technology and migration from Africa.
    • Catal Huyuk: One of the oldest known settlements, inhabited around 72,000 years ago, notable for mud brick houses and farming.
    • Ur: A prominent Sumerian city-state with a class system, religious structures, and advanced irrigation.
    • Homo Habilis: The species name meaning 'Man of Skill', lived approximately 2.5 million years ago with evidence of tool use.

    Notable Finds and Theories

    • Prehistoric: The era before writing, roughly 5000 years ago, indicating early human life.
    • Lucy: A significant fossil of a female hominid discovered in Ethiopia, highlighting early human evolution.
    • Irrigation: Techniques in agriculture involving the diversion of water to support crop growth.
    • Leakey's: The renowned anthropologist couple who made groundbreaking discoveries about early human ancestors.
    • Shanidar Cave: An archaeological site in Iraq indicating Neanderthal burial practices, suggesting concepts of an afterlife.
    • Neanderthal: An ancient human species that lived between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago, recognized for intelligence and social behavior.
    • Cro-Magnon: Identical to modern humans, appearing around 40,000 years ago, possessing advanced tools and organized hunting strategies.

    Evolution of Early Hominids

    • Australopithecines: A group of early hominids notable for bipedalism.
    • Olduvai Gorge: The discovery location for the first Homo Habilis remains, showcasing early tool usage.
    • Ice Man: The well-preserved body of Otsi, who died around 5,000 years ago in the Alps, providing valuable insights into early human life.

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