Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
- To eliminate outliers from the dataset
- To identify patterns and relationships within the data (correct)
- To perform statistical tests
- To visualize data in graphs
Why is clustering important in business analytics?
Why is clustering important in business analytics?
- To remove missing values from the dataset
- To create data visualizations
- To uncover hidden patterns and structures within data (correct)
- To perform hypothesis testing
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
- Removing all outliers from the customer dataset
- Segmenting a company's customer base into distinct groups based on various characteristics (correct)
- Calculating the mean and standard deviation of customer data
- Creating scatter plots of customer data
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What does clustering aim to identify within the data?
What does clustering aim to identify within the data?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
In fraud detection, how does clustering contribute to the identification of unusual patterns or behaviors?
In fraud detection, how does clustering contribute to the identification of unusual patterns or behaviors?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
Which type of hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach?
Which type of hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering?
Which type of clustering is more robust to outliers and can handle non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters than K-means?
Which type of clustering is more robust to outliers and can handle non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters than K-means?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
Which type of clustering is suitable for categorical data and operates based on the modes or most frequent categories present in the dataset?
Which type of clustering is suitable for categorical data and operates based on the modes or most frequent categories present in the dataset?
What is a limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
What is a limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
Which type of clustering groups data points based on their local density and connectivity?
Which type of clustering groups data points based on their local density and connectivity?
What does DBSCAN define as a cluster?
What does DBSCAN define as a cluster?
Which type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
Which type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What do internal evaluation metrics for clustering assess?
What do internal evaluation metrics for clustering assess?
What makes K-medoids clustering a variation of K-means?
What makes K-medoids clustering a variation of K-means?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
Which metric measures the similarity between clusters by considering the ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points?
Which metric measures the similarity between clusters by considering the ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What do resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate in clustering results?
What do resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate in clustering results?
Which technique is used for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
Which technique is used for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index?
Which metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
Which metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
'Cluster validation techniques' assess which aspects of clustering results?
'Cluster validation techniques' assess which aspects of clustering results?
'Visualization techniques' help interpret which aspects within data?
'Visualization techniques' help interpret which aspects within data?
What does 'stability metrics' assess in clustering results?
What does 'stability metrics' assess in clustering results?
What is a common method for validating the quality and validity of clusters?
What is a common method for validating the quality and validity of clusters?
Clustering involves grouping similar objects together based on their characteristics or attributes.
Clustering involves grouping similar objects together based on their characteristics or attributes.
The main goal of clustering is to keep objects from different clusters similar to each other.
The main goal of clustering is to keep objects from different clusters similar to each other.
Clustering plays a crucial role in business analytics due to its ability to uncover hidden patterns and structures within data.
Clustering plays a crucial role in business analytics due to its ability to uncover hidden patterns and structures within data.
Customer Segmentation is not a key application of clustering in business analytics.
Customer Segmentation is not a key application of clustering in business analytics.
The purpose of clustering is to identify patterns and relationships within the data.
The purpose of clustering is to identify patterns and relationships within the data.
Clustering in business analytics does not help businesses make informed decisions.
Clustering in business analytics does not help businesses make informed decisions.
K-medoids clustering is a variation of K-means that uses means as cluster representatives.
K-medoids clustering is a variation of K-means that uses means as cluster representatives.
K-medoids clustering is more robust to outliers and can handle non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters than K-means.
K-medoids clustering is more robust to outliers and can handle non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters than K-means.
K-modes clustering is suitable for categorical data and operates based on the modes or most frequent categories present in the dataset.
K-modes clustering is suitable for categorical data and operates based on the modes or most frequent categories present in the dataset.
Density-based clustering groups data points based on their global density and connectivity.
Density-based clustering groups data points based on their global density and connectivity.
DBSCAN defines a cluster as a dense region of data points separated by areas of lower density.
DBSCAN defines a cluster as a dense region of data points separated by areas of lower density.
DBSCAN identifies four types of points: core points, boundary points, noise points, and outlier points.
DBSCAN identifies four types of points: core points, boundary points, noise points, and outlier points.
DBSCAN requires the number of clusters to be known in advance.
DBSCAN requires the number of clusters to be known in advance.
Evaluation metrics for clustering help determine the quality and performance of clustering algorithms.
Evaluation metrics for clustering help determine the quality and performance of clustering algorithms.
External evaluation metrics compare clustering results to external criteria or ground truth labels.
External evaluation metrics compare clustering results to external criteria or ground truth labels.
Internal evaluation metrics assess clustering results based on the data and cluster characteristics.
Internal evaluation metrics assess clustering results based on the data and cluster characteristics.
K-means is more robust to initial centroid placements and difficulty handling non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters.
K-means is more robust to initial centroid placements and difficulty handling non-spherical or heterogeneous clusters.
K-medoids clustering uses medoids, or their most centrally located points, as cluster representatives.
K-medoids clustering uses medoids, or their most centrally located points, as cluster representatives.
Market segmentation uses clustering to divide customers into distinct groups based on factors such as geography, market size, and customer needs.
Market segmentation uses clustering to divide customers into distinct groups based on factors such as geography, market size, and customer needs.
Clustering techniques help businesses target specific market segments, develop marketing campaigns, and optimize resource allocation.
Clustering techniques help businesses target specific market segments, develop marketing campaigns, and optimize resource allocation.
Anomaly detection uses clustering to identify outliers or rare instances that deviate significantly from the expected behavior.
Anomaly detection uses clustering to identify outliers or rare instances that deviate significantly from the expected behavior.
Hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach starting with individual data points and merging them into larger clusters.
Hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach starting with individual data points and merging them into larger clusters.
Agglomerative clustering is generally easier to implement and more intuitive than divisive clustering.
Agglomerative clustering is generally easier to implement and more intuitive than divisive clustering.
Partitioning clustering algorithms aim to divide a given dataset into distinct non-overlapping groups or clusters.
Partitioning clustering algorithms aim to divide a given dataset into distinct non-overlapping groups or clusters.
K-means clustering assumes clusters are spherical and of equal variance, which might not be realistic for all datasets.
K-means clustering assumes clusters are spherical and of equal variance, which might not be realistic for all datasets.
Agglomerative hierarchical clustering is a top-down approach, starting with all data points in a single cluster and recursively dividing it into smaller clusters.
Agglomerative hierarchical clustering is a top-down approach, starting with all data points in a single cluster and recursively dividing it into smaller clusters.
Divisive hierarchical clustering provides a more comprehensive overview of the dataset's structure.
Divisive hierarchical clustering provides a more comprehensive overview of the dataset's structure.
K-means clustering is the most widely used partitioning clustering algorithm.
K-means clustering is the most widely used partitioning clustering algorithm.
Risk assessment uses clustering to group similar risk factors, helping businesses identify potential risks and develop risk mitigation strategies.
Risk assessment uses clustering to group similar risk factors, helping businesses identify potential risks and develop risk mitigation strategies.
Anomaly detection uses clustering to identify outliers or rare instances that deviate significantly from the expected behavior.
Anomaly detection uses clustering to identify outliers or rare instances that deviate significantly from the expected behavior.
Adjusted Rand Index ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering.
Adjusted Rand Index ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering.
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering the ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points.
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering the ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points.
Cluster validation techniques assess the quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results.
Cluster validation techniques assess the quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results.
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters.
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters.
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results.
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results.
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data.
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data.
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
Rand Index calculates the percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives.
Rand Index calculates the percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives.
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters.
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters.
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index.
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index.
Internal evaluation metrics for clustering assess the compactness and separation of clusters.
Internal evaluation metrics for clustering assess the compactness and separation of clusters.
DBSCAN is advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities.
DBSCAN is advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities.
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is a key application of clustering in business analytics?
What is a key application of clustering in business analytics?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means in handling cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means in handling cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What are the limitations of K-means clustering?
What are the limitations of K-means clustering?
What is the advantage of K-medoids clustering over K-means?
What is the advantage of K-medoids clustering over K-means?
What is the main purpose of K-modes clustering?
What is the main purpose of K-modes clustering?
What is the definition of DBSCAN?
What is the definition of DBSCAN?
What are the three types of points identified by DBSCAN?
What are the three types of points identified by DBSCAN?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index measure?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index measure?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
What type of clustering is suitable for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
What type of clustering is suitable for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What does clustering aim to identify within the data?
What does clustering aim to identify within the data?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index?
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
Why is clustering important in business analytics?
Why is clustering important in business analytics?
Which type of hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach?
Which type of hierarchical clustering is a bottom-up approach?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) measure?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) measure?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main purpose of clustering in data analysis?
Which metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
Which metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
What are resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, used to evaluate in clustering results?
What are resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, used to evaluate in clustering results?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What do domain expert evaluation and visual inspection serve as methods for in clustering?
What do domain expert evaluation and visual inspection serve as methods for in clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
What is the main goal of clustering in data analysis?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
What does customer segmentation involve in business analytics?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the primary focus of agglomerative clustering?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What characterizes DBSCAN as advantageous in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
What is the main limitation of K-means clustering that is addressed by K-medoids clustering?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
How does clustering help businesses in decision-making?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What do stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What does stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What does stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess in clustering results?
What is the primary advantage of K-medoids clustering over K-means?
What is the primary advantage of K-medoids clustering over K-means?
What type of data is K-modes clustering suitable for?
What type of data is K-modes clustering suitable for?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN in handling clusters with varying shapes, sizes, or densities?
What does density-based clustering group data points based on?
What does density-based clustering group data points based on?
What are the three types of points identified by DBSCAN?
What are the three types of points identified by DBSCAN?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What do evaluation metrics for clustering help determine?
What do internal evaluation metrics assess in clustering results?
What do internal evaluation metrics assess in clustering results?
What is the main goal of hierarchical clustering?
What is the main goal of hierarchical clustering?
What type of clustering is suitable for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
What type of clustering is suitable for visual validation of the quality and validity of clusters?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
What is the main purpose of K-modes clustering?
What is the main purpose of K-modes clustering?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What does the Rand Index measure in clustering algorithms?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What are some examples of external evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What is the main purpose of market segmentation using clustering?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
What does the Adjusted Rand Index adjust for?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What is the range of values for the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What is the main advantage of DBSCAN over K-means when it comes to cluster shapes, sizes, and densities?
What are resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, used to evaluate in clustering results?
What are resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, used to evaluate in clustering results?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What type of points are identified by DBSCAN?
What does 'stability metrics' assess in clustering results?
What does 'stability metrics' assess in clustering results?
What metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
What metric assesses the compactness and separation of clusters in internal evaluation?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What is the main focus of agglomerative clustering?
What does 'visualization techniques' help interpret within data?
What does 'visualization techniques' help interpret within data?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
What is the primary objective of hierarchical clustering?
Study Notes
-
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index
-
Rand Index calculates percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives
-
Adjusted Rand Index adjusts for chance agreement and ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering
-
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points
-
Cluster validation techniques assess quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results
-
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters
-
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters
-
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results
-
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data
-
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
-
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index
-
Rand Index calculates percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives
-
Adjusted Rand Index adjusts for chance agreement and ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering
-
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points
-
Cluster validation techniques assess quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results
-
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters
-
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters
-
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results
-
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data
-
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
-
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index
-
Rand Index calculates percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives
-
Adjusted Rand Index adjusts for chance agreement and ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering
-
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points
-
Cluster validation techniques assess quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results
-
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters
-
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters
-
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results
-
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data
-
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
-
External evaluation metrics for clustering algorithms include Rand Index (RI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Jaccard Index
-
Rand Index calculates percentage of correctly assigned data point pairs, considering both true positives and true negatives
-
Adjusted Rand Index adjusts for chance agreement and ranges from -1 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating better clustering
-
Jaccard Index measures similarity between clusters by considering ratio of shared data points to total assigned data points
-
Cluster validation techniques assess quality, validity, stability, and robustness of clustering results
-
Domain expert evaluation and visual inspection are methods for validating the quality and validity of clusters
-
Internal evaluation metrics like silhouette coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index assess compactness and separation of clusters
-
Stability metrics, such as Jaccard coefficient and Variation of Information, assess the consistency and stability of clustering results
-
Resampling techniques, like bootstrap analysis, evaluate the robustness of clustering results by introducing perturbations to the data
-
Visualization techniques like plotting cluster centroids and boundaries help interpret the structure and patterns within data.
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Description
Learn about K-medoids clustering, a variation of K-means clustering that uses the most centrally located point, known as the medoid, as the representative of the cluster. Explore its advantages over K-means and how it overcomes some of the limitations of the traditional K-means clustering algorithm.
