K-12 Program in the Philippines

Education & Curriculum

• The K to 12 Program in the Philippines aims to create a globally competitive workforce through 12 years of basic education.
• Primary education spans Grades 1-6 (six years), junior high school spans Grades 7-10 (four years), and senior high school spans Grades 11-12 (two years).
• Key Stage 2 is the second phase of the K to 12 Program, covering Grades 4 to 6.
• Content standards are statements of what students should know and be able to do at each level, outlining essential content and skills.
• Performance standards define the proficiency level expected of students when applying learning to real-life situations, specifying evaluation criteria.

21st Century Skills

• Information, Media, and Technology Skills are needed for navigating digital platforms and using technology for communication, collaboration, and problem-solving.
• Learning and Innovation Skills encompass critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, decision-making, and communication.
• Communication Skills involve articulating ideas clearly and persuasively in various formats and contexts.
• Life and Career Skills include personal and social responsibility, ethics, citizenship, and career development.

Digital Citizenship

• Digital citizenship is the responsible, ethical, and safe use of digital technologies.
• Digital literacy is the ability to access, process, and understand information from various digital sources.
• Digital safety involves awareness and prevention of online risks like cyberbullying, identity theft, and inappropriate content.
• Digital etiquette means understanding and applying appropriate online behavior and communication norms.

Multiliteracies & Language

• Multiliteracies involve the ability to understand and use multiple modes of communication.
• Visual literacy involves understanding and interpreting images and videos.
• Tactile learning occurs through touch and physical interaction.
• Speech refers to oral communication and language skills.
• Gestures are nonverbal communication through body language.
• Communicative competence involves communicating effectively and appropriately in various situations.
• Grammatical/linguistic competence includes understanding and applying grammatical rules, syntax, and spelling.
• Sociolinguistic competence involves adjusting language use based on social context and cultural references.
• Discourse competence includes understanding and constructing coherent conversations and texts.
• Strategic competence involves using language strategies to overcome communication barriers and achieve communication goals.
• Spiral progress is a teaching principle where skills and grammar are introduced at increasing difficulty for gradual learning.
• The language learning process consists of stages and methods involved in acquiring and developing language skills.
• Effective language use means applying language knowledge and skills to real-world situations.
• Making meaning through language means understanding and interpreting language in various contexts.

Technology Integration

• Word processing software allows users to create, edit, and format text documents.
• Microsoft Word is a widely used program for various document types.
• Google Docs is a cloud-based program for collaboration and online access.
• Notion is a versatile productivity app for note-taking, project management, and databases.
• Adobe InDesign is professional desktop publishing software for high-quality print and digital media.
• Word Perfect is a word processing program used in corporate environments.
• Lotus Word Pro is another word processing program.
• iPages is a word processing application for Apple devices.
• WPS Office Writer is another word processing application.
• Presentation software helps create visually engaging slideshows and multimedia content.
• PowerPoint is a program with animations, transitions, and elements.
• Google Slides is a cloud-based program for collaboration and access.
• Canva is an online platform for creating presentations and graphics.
• Slidebean is presentation software using AI for layouts.
• Spreadsheets are software for organizing and analyzing data.
• Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program with advanced features.
• Google Sheets is a cloud-based spreadsheet program for collaboration.
• VisiCalc was the first computer-based spreadsheet program.
• Lotus 1-2-3 is a spreadsheet program introduced in 1983.
• Digital story telling involves using digital tools to create and share narratives with multimedia elements.
• Educational technology domains involve stages and phases in integrating technology into teaching and learning.
• Design involves planning and developing instructional materials and learning experiences.
• Development involves creating and producing materials and tech for instruction.
• Utilization involves using materials and technologies effectively in the classroom.
• Evaluation means assessing the effectiveness of technology-integrated instruction.

Instructional Materials

• Instructional materials are any materials used to support teaching and learning.
• Real objects are real-world examples brought into the classroom for direct experience.
• Models are three-dimensional representations of objects or concepts.
• Visuals are images, charts, graphs, and other visual aids.
• Audio-visual materials include videos, films, and audio recordings.
• Manipulatives are hands-on objects used for exploration and experimentation.
• Graphic organizers are visual representations that help organize and structure information.
• A timeline shows a sequence of events in chronological order.
• A fishbone diagram illustrates cause-and-effect relationships.
• A Venn diagram shows overlapping and shared characteristics between sets of information.
• Semantic webbing connects concepts and ideas in a web-like structure.
• A series of events chart visually represents a sequence of events.
• A web visually represents interconnected ideas or concepts.
• A cycle visually represents a recurring process.

Assessment & Teaching Techniques

• A jingle is a short, catchy tune or song used to help remember information or concepts.
• Macro skills encompasses the four fundamental language skills.
• Listening means understanding spoken language.
• Speaking means producing spoken language.
• Reading means understanding written language.
• Writing means producing written language.
• Viewing means understanding and interpreting visual information.
• Podcasting involves distributing audio content in episodes.
• Vodcasting involves combining video and audio content for online viewing.
• Differentiation involves strategies for accommodating diverse learning needs to ensure all students meet objectives.
• Peer tutoring is a differentiation strategy.
• Assessment and evaluation is the process of gathering and interpreting information about student learning.
• Learning activities are designed to promote student engagement and learning.
• Resources are the materials and tools available to support teaching and learning.
• Objectives are statements of what students should be able to do as a result of instruction.
• Authenticity is the use of real-world materials and activities in teaching.
• Responsiveness is the ability of teaching and learning to adjust to needs and interests.
• Instructional aids are materials that support the teaching process.

Technology Tools

• Adobe InDesign is professional desktop publishing software for print and digital media.
• VisiCalc was the first computer-based spreadsheet program.
• Canva is an online design platform for presentations and graphics.
• Slidebean uses AI to create polished presentations.
• Google Drive is a cloud-based service to store and share files.
• A chalkboard is a traditional writing surface used in classrooms.
• Digital slides are electronic visual aids used in presentations with text, images, and videos.
• Paper-based spreadsheets are spreadsheets created on paper.
• Infographics are visual representations of data or information.
• Blogging involves creating and maintaining a blog with regular content.
• Vodcasting combines video and audio content for online viewing.
• Live streaming transmits live video content over the internet.
• Webcasting transmits audio or video content over the internet.
• E-books are electronic books for computers or e-readers.
• Streaming videos are online videos watched without downloading.
• Websites are collections of web pages accessible online.
• WPS Office Writer is a word processing application.
• Notion is a productivity app for note-taking and collaboration.
• Lotus Word Pro is a word processing program.
• Word Perfect is a word processing program.
• iPages is a word processing app for Apple devices.
• Google Docs is a cloud-based word processing app.
• Microsoft Word is a widely used word processing program.
• Programmed instruction involves self-paced learning.
• Imaginative literature uses creativity and imagination.
• A versatile compact disc is an optical disc storing data or audio.
• Digital video is video content stored and transmitted digitally.
• Film is motion pictures recorded on film stock.
• Television transmits moving images and sound electronically.
• Pictures are still images captured with a camera.
• Realia are authentic real-world objects used in teaching.
• Textbooks are books designed for use in schools.

Language Teaching Methods & Approaches

• The grammar-translation method focuses on grammatical rules, practicing them, and translating sentences.
• The audio-lingual method emphasizes spoken language using drills and repetition.
• Total Physical Response (TPR) involves responding to commands physically to associate language with movement.
• The direct method entails direct communication in the target language and minimizing translation.
• The notional-functional approach teaches language based on communicative functions and notions.
• The learner-centered approach emphasizes learner needs and interests.
• The communicative approach prioritizes communication skills for real-world situations.
• Speech act theory views language as performing actions such as requesting or apologizing.

Language Skills

• Oracy is the ability to listen and speak.
• Literacy is the ability to read and write.
• Listening involves understanding spoken language.
• Bottom-up processing means decoding sounds linearly.
• Top-down processing means actively constructing meaning.
• Interactive processing means combining both.
• Speaking involves producing spoken language.
• Conceptualization means planning message content.
• Formulation means expressing meaning.
• Articulation involves motor control of speech organs.
• Self-monitoring means identifying and correcting errors.
• Reading involves understanding written language.
• Phonemic awareness means understanding sounds in words.
• Schema refers to prior knowledge and experiences.
• Metacognition refers to awareness and control of learning processes.
• The psycholinguistic theory states that readers approach texts with expectations.
• Bottom-up reading strategy means focusing on individual words and sounds.
• Top-down reading strategy means using prior knowledge and context.
• The integrative reading strategy combines both.
• The sensory period in reading and cognitive development focuses on adaptation to the environment.
• The "i+1" Model suggests comprehensible input should be slightly above the learner's level.
• Phonemic reading is the ability to connect letters with their sounds.
• Writing involves producing written language.
• Pre-writing means planning and generating ideas.
• Drafting means writing the initial text.
• Revising means making changes.
• Editing means checking for errors.
• Publishing means sharing the finished product.
• Viewing involves understanding and interpreting visual images.
• Graphic organizers are visual representations of information.

Communicative Competence

• Grammatical competence means understanding and using grammatical rules correctly.
• Sociolinguistic competence means adjusting language use to different social contexts.
• Discourse competence means understanding and creating meaningful conversations and texts.
• Strategic competence means using language strategies to overcome communication challenges.

Other Key Concepts

• William Gray is known as the "Father of Reading" for his contributions to reading development and instruction.
• Metacognitive activities are those that develope learners self-awareness and control over one’s learning process.
• Discourse is any stretch of language used in a specific context.
• Fluency is the ability to speak or read smoothly and naturally.
• Comprehensibility is the degree to which language is understandable.
• Accuracy is the correctness of grammar and pronunciation.
• Linguistic knowledge is the understanding of the structure of a language.
• Communicative competence is the ability to use language effectively in real-life situations.
• Language is the foundation of all learning and other literacies.

Grammar & Mechanics

• Nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas.
• Verbs express action or states of being.
• Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Pronouns replace nouns.
• Prepositions show relationships between words.
• Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.
• Interjections show strong emotions.
• The subject performs the action of the verb.
• The predicate tells what the subject does or is.
• The direct object receives the action of the verb.
• The indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action is.
• Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences.
• Run-on sentences combine sentences without punctuation.
• Misplaced modifiers are too far from what they modify.
• Dangling modifiers lack a clear connection.
• Subject-verb agreement matches the verb to the subject.
• Pronoun agreement uses pronouns that agree with their antecedents.
• Parallel structure uses similar grammatical structures.
• Comma splices improperly join clauses.

Paragraph Development

• The topic sentence is the main idea of the paragraph.
• Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence.
• The concluding sentence summarizes the main idea.

Paragraph Development Techniques

• Definition explains the meaning of a term.
• Process description explains how something works.
• Classification divides a topic into categories.
• Description of mechanism explains the parts and functions of a device.
• Comparison and contrast shows similarities and differences.
• Cause and effect explains the reasons and consequences.
• Example illustrates a point with instances.
• Analogy compares something unfamiliar to something familiar.
• Narration tells a story.
• Description creates a vivid picture.
• Illustration clarifies a point.
• Exemplification supports a generalization.

Technical Writing Principles

• Accuracy is needed to have correct and reliable information.
• Clarity makes writing easy to understand.
• Conciseness uses only necessary words.
• Completeness includes all relevant information.
• Coherence makes ideas flow logically.
• Consistency maintains a consistent style and format.
• Courteousness shows respect for the reader.
• Concreteness uses specific language and examples.
• Credibility establishes trust in the writer.

Types of Technical Writing

• Technical reports present research findings.
• Instruction manuals provide instructions.
• Proposals suggest plans or solutions.
• Business letters are formal communication.
• Contracts are legal agreements.
• Monographs are detailed essays.
• White papers present a company's position.
• User guides provide information for users.
• Technical specifications define requirements.
• Feasibility reports assess practicality.
• Lab/test reports document results.
• Inspection reports record observations.
• Investigation reports present findings.

Legal Considerations

• Copyright law protects authors' rights.
• Trademark law protects brand names and logos.
• Liability law deals with legal responsibility for harm.

Processes in Technical Writing

• Planning involves outlining a technical document.
• Researching is needed to gather information.
• Drafting is writing the initial text.
• Revising makes changes to content.
• Editing checks for errors.
• Proofreading is a final check.
• Formatting arranges the document.
• Validating verifies accuracy.
• Publishing makes the document available.

Other Key Concepts

• Technical language is language used in a field.
• Graphic aids are diagrams, charts, and tables.
• The audience are the intended readers.
• Tone is the impression conveyed.
• A style guide is a set of rules for formatting.
• Documentation standards are guidelines for documentation.
• Persuasion uses language to convince the reader.
• Visual communication enhances understanding.
• Information design organizes information clearly.