Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does pharmacokinetics primarily focus on?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily focus on?
Which of the following mechanisms of drug absorption requires energy?
Which of the following mechanisms of drug absorption requires energy?
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
Which factor related to the patient can affect drug absorption?
Which factor related to the patient can affect drug absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the process of drug absorption?
What defines the process of drug absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier?
What type of drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is NOT a route of drug administration?
Which is NOT a route of drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor influences the absorption of drugs related to the drug itself?
Which factor influences the absorption of drugs related to the drug itself?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key advantage of enteric-coated tablets?
What is a key advantage of enteric-coated tablets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary disadvantage of using the sublingual route for drug administration?
What is the primary disadvantage of using the sublingual route for drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following dosage forms is NOT typically used orally?
Which of the following dosage forms is NOT typically used orally?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic distinguishes sustained release tablets from regular tablets?
What characteristic distinguishes sustained release tablets from regular tablets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
In what situation are rectal drugs particularly advantageous?
In what situation are rectal drugs particularly advantageous?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true regarding injections?
Which of the following is true regarding injections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of dosage form is designed to be absorbed in the rectum for both local and systemic effects?
Which type of dosage form is designed to be absorbed in the rectum for both local and systemic effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary advantage of the intramuscular (I.M.) injection route compared to intravenous (IV)?
What is a primary advantage of the intramuscular (I.M.) injection route compared to intravenous (IV)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about subcutaneous (S.C.) injections is true?
Which of the following statements about subcutaneous (S.C.) injections is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of intrathecal administration?
What is a disadvantage of intrathecal administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of administration is best suited for rapid absorption of volatile compounds?
Which route of administration is best suited for rapid absorption of volatile compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
A transdermal patch is an example of which type of drug administration?
A transdermal patch is an example of which type of drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common risk associated with the use of subcutaneous injections?
What is a common risk associated with the use of subcutaneous injections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following dosage forms is typically used for injectables?
Which of the following dosage forms is typically used for injectables?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical requirement for intravenous solutions?
What is a critical requirement for intravenous solutions?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pharmacology for Nursing
- Pharmacology is the drug science.
- It includes the mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and other drug information.
General Pharmacology
- General pharmacology includes pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- Pharmacokinetics: Deals with processes undergone by a drug after administration, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion.
- Pharmacodynamics: Studies drug action on the body, including receptor interactions, dose-response relationships, and therapeutic/toxic mechanisms.
What is a Drug?
- A drug is a chemical substance used for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption
- Drug absorption is the transfer of a drug from its administration site to the bloodstream.
- Mechanisms of drug absorption:
- Passive/Lipid Diffusion: Occurs with lipid-soluble drugs.
- Filtration/Aqueous Diffusion: Occurs with water-soluble drugs, passing through aqueous channels or pores between cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and placental barrier prevent water-soluble drugs from crossing.
- Active Transport: Requires energy and a carrier protein, features selectivity, saturability, and competition.
- Pinocytosis (Endocytosis): Applicable to high molecular weight drugs like iron, hormones, and vitamin B12.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- Drug-related factors: Lipid solubility, ionization, molecular weight, dosage form, concentration.
- Patient-related factors: Route of administration, blood supply, health status, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, presence of other drugs, presence of food.
Routes of Drug Administration
-
Classification:
- Enteral: Related to the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., oral, sublingual, rectal).
- Parenteral: Away from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., injections, topical, inhalation).
Oral Route
- Advantages: Safe, economical, easy.
- Disadvantages: Delayed onset of action, complex formation with food, destruction by stomach acid or enzymes, inactivation by the liver, unsuitable for emergencies or unconscious/uncooperative patients.
Dosage Forms (Oral)
- Oral drops, syrup, suspensions, capsules, tablets, effervescent sachets.
Special Types of Tablets
- Enteric-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets (SR), colored tablets, effervescent tablets, chewing tablets, lozenges.
Enteric-Coated Tablets
- Resist dissolution in the stomach, dissolving in the intestines.
- Advantages: Avoid stomach irritation, prevent gastric acid destruction of drug, mask bitter taste.
Sustained-Release Tablets (SR)
- Release and absorb drug in stages over a prolonged period.
- Give extended duration of action.
Sublingual Route
- Advantages: Rapid onset, bypasses first-pass liver metabolism.
- Disadvantages: Not suitable for all drugs, typically used for nitrates.
Rectal Route
- Advantages: Suitable for unconscious patients, presence of vomiting, 50% of drug bypasses liver.
- Disadvantages: Not suitable for diarrhea, irritation possible. Dosage forms (rectal): Suppositories, enemas (evacuant or retention).
Injections: Intravenous
- Advantages: Very rapid onset, proper dose adjustment, drug remains in active form (no liver or acid destruction).
- Disadvantages: More expensive, needs aseptic conditions, painful, requires a patent vein, difficult to eliminate drug if toxicity occurs, not suitable for suspensions and oily solutions.
Injections: Intramuscular (IM)
- Advantages: Similar to IV but suitable for moderate volume drugs and irritant drugs needing deep injection. Suitable for suspensions and oily solutions.
- Disadvantages: Slower onset than IV, limited volume, possibility of hematoma with anticoagulants.
Injections: Subcutaneous (SC)
- Advantages: Prolonged duration of action, suitable for suspensions and oily solutions, appropriate for insulin and some implants.
- Disadvantages: Slow onset, unsuitable for large volumes and irritant drugs (pain, necrosis).
- Absorption influenced by massage/hot/cold fomentation, vasoconstrictors.
Injections: Intrathecal
- Used for high concentrations of drugs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), injection of antibiotics, spinal anesthesia, and diagnosis of CNS disorders via CSF withdrawal.
- Requires special precautions to avoid nerve injury and infection.
Inhalational Route
- Suitable for volatile compounds, gases, and aerosols.
- Local or systemic effects, rapid onset due to large absorption area.
- Self-administration possible.
- Disadvantages: Irritant drugs unsuitable, difficult dose adjustment, specialized equipment often needed.
Topical Route
- Applied to skin or mucous membranes.
- Provides high local concentrations with limited/no systemic effects.
- Some drugs can absorb systemically (e.g., transdermal patches).
- Disadvantages: Systemic absorption can occur, especially with damaged skin, injury or inflammation, highly lipid-soluble drugs.
Dosage Forms (Local)
- Drops (eye, nasal, ear), ointments (dry skin), creams (wet skin), lotions, transdermal patches.
Nursing Implications
- IV solutions must be sterile, aqueous, and free of particulate matter, turbid solutions are prohibited IV.
- Suspensions must be shaken prior to use.
- Sustained release tablets should not be crushed.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
