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Questions and Answers
Which letter in the figure represents cristae in a mitochondrion?
Which letter in the figure represents cristae in a mitochondrion?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for containing digestive enzymes?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for containing digestive enzymes?
What is a main function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is a main function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
What type of cations can be classified as inorganic in the cellular context?
What type of cations can be classified as inorganic in the cellular context?
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Which of the following is NOT categorized as a eukaryotic organism?
Which of the following is NOT categorized as a eukaryotic organism?
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What primary role does the nucleus serve in a cell?
What primary role does the nucleus serve in a cell?
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Which of the following is a function of mitochondria?
Which of the following is a function of mitochondria?
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What is the primary composition of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the primary composition of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi bodies in cells?
What is the primary function of the Golgi bodies in cells?
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What role do the Golgi bodies play in relation to lysosomes and peroxisomes?
What role do the Golgi bodies play in relation to lysosomes and peroxisomes?
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Which of the following best describes vacuoles in animal cells?
Which of the following best describes vacuoles in animal cells?
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What is one of the critical roles of the cell coat in mammalian cells?
What is one of the critical roles of the cell coat in mammalian cells?
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What are the main components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
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How does the cytoskeleton contribute to cell shape and movement?
How does the cytoskeleton contribute to cell shape and movement?
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What can result from defective processing of insulin in the Golgi complex?
What can result from defective processing of insulin in the Golgi complex?
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What are cytochrome P450 dependent mono-oxygenases primarily involved in?
What are cytochrome P450 dependent mono-oxygenases primarily involved in?
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What is one of the key functions of peroxisomes?
What is one of the key functions of peroxisomes?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
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What is a significant consequence of the absence of peroxisomes in an individual?
What is a significant consequence of the absence of peroxisomes in an individual?
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What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
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Which enzyme is NOT typically found in peroxisomes?
Which enzyme is NOT typically found in peroxisomes?
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Where is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) continuous with?
Where is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) continuous with?
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Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
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What is the medical condition associated with genetic defects in peroxisome function?
What is the medical condition associated with genetic defects in peroxisome function?
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Study Notes
Mitochondrion
- Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Organelles
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
Cell Biochemistry
- Inorganic cations found in the cell include sodium, potassium, copper, and iron.
- Human subcellular organelles include mitochondria, lysosomes, and the nucleus.
- Chief dietary intake chemicals include water, vitamins, and certain fatty acids.
- Eukaryotes are a group of organisms that include fungi, yeast, and protozoa.
Nucleus
- The nucleus is the storage of DNA because it contains the cell's genetic material.
Mitochondrion
- Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the body because they are responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes are small vesicles surrounded by a membrane.
- They are involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide.
- They contain enzymes for oxidizing long-chain fatty acids.
- They are also involved in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids.
- The enzymes of hydrogen peroxide catabolism present in peroxisomes include peroxidase and catalase.
- Peroxisomes also contain other enzymes such as D, L-amino acid oxidase, uric acid oxidase, and L-hydroxy fatty acid oxidase.
- A lack of peroxisomes results in Zellweger syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting brain, liver, and kidney function.
Cytomembranes
- Cytomembranes are an extensive network of membranes in the cytoplasm.
- They include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and has ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is continuous with the RER, but lacks ribosomes.
- Ribosomes are complexes of protein and RNA.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
- RER is involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- SER is involved in lipid synthesis, particularly triglycerides in intestinal cells.
- In the adrenal cortex, SER is important for steroid formation.
- SER contains cytochrome P450 dependent mono-oxygenases important for detoxification in the liver.
Golgi Bodies
- The Golgi complex is a cluster of paired cytomembranes with flattened margins.
- It contains small vesicles that pinch off from the membranes.
- They are well-developed in cells involved in secretion.
- They process and package materials for export from the cell in the form of vesicles.
- They are involved in the formation of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
- They are involved in protein targeting.
- They are involved in glycosylation and sulfation of proteins.
- Defective processing of insulin in the Golgi complex can lead to some forms of diabetes.
Vacuoles
- Animal cells contain vacuoles, which are smaller than those found in plant cells.
- Vacuoles are membrane-enclosed vesicles containing fluids, often nutrients.
Cell Coat
- Some mammalian cells have a thin coat on the outer surface of the cell membrane called the cell coat.
- It is flexible and sticky.
- It is composed of mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins.
Cell Coat Functions
- It controls the adhesive properties of the cell and the organization of tissue.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton provides physical support to the cell, determines its shape, and helps move organelles within the cell.
- It is composed of four components: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and the cell cortex.،
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