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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between a sentence and an utterance?
Which of the following accurately describes complementary antonyms?
Which of the following examples illustrates the concept of converses?
What defines gradable antonyms?
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Which option best defines antonymy?
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What is an example of a pair of terms that are complementary antonyms?
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Which of the following statements is true about sentences?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about utterances?
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What are the fundamental components required for a group of words to be categorized as a sentence?
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Which of the following describes an utterance accurately?
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Which statement differentiates an utterance from a sentence?
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Which of the following features is related to utterances?
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In which form do utterances primarily exist?
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What role does context play in understanding an utterance?
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Which of the following is NOT typically included in an utterance?
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What must an utterance necessarily include to be effective in oral communication?
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What is the primary focus of semantics?
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Which stage of interpretation involves the use of contextual information?
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How do sentences differ from utterances?
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What does pragmatics study that semantics does not?
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What is meant by 'sender's meaning'?
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In which stage of interpretation would the phrase 'That was the last bus' have a strictly literal interpretation?
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What is the purpose of implicature in communication?
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Which of these best describes the term 'utterance'?
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Study Notes
Semantics
- Study of sentence meaning and word meaning, not tied to context
- Focuses on the literal meaning of words
- Studies the “toolkit” for meaning
Pragmatics
- Study of utterance meaning
- Focuses on the meaning of words according to the context and their inferred meaning
- Is concerned with the use of these tools in meaningful communication
- Is about the interaction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use
Difference Between Sentences and Utterances
- Sentences are abstract, not tied to context
- Utterances are identified by context
Three Stages of Interpretation
- Literal meaning: Based on the semantic information from one's knowledge of English
- Explicature: Goes beyond the literal meaning and uses contextual information and world knowledge to work out what is being referred to and which way to understand ambiguous expressions
- Implicature: Looks for what is hinted at by an utterance in its particular context
Sender's Meaning
- The meaning the speaker intends to convey
- Is something that addressees have to continually make informed guesses about
What is a Sentence
- A complete thought or statement which conveys a complete meaning
- Consists of a subject, a verb, and an object
- Can exist in both spoken and written form
What is an Utterance
- The smallest unit of speech
- Does not necessarily convey a complete meaning
- Exists only in the oral form
Sentence VS Utterance
- Sentence: Conveys a complete meaning in both spoken and written form
- Utterance: Usually does not convey a complete meaning and exists only in the spoken form
What is paraphrase
- Sentences with the same meaning
Complementary Antonyms
- Expressions which come in pairs and which, between them, exhaust all the relevant possibilities
- Being "not X" automatically means being "Y" and being "not Y" means being "X"
- Examples: Dead/alive, On/off, Married/unmarried, Male/female
Antonyms
- Expressions which are opposite in meaning
Converses
- Expressions which express a relationship between two things such that one of the expressions conveys the relationship in one order and the other expression conveys the relationship in the opposite order
- Examples: Buy/sell, Husband (of)/wife (of), Above/below
Gradable Antonyms
- Expressions are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values
- Examples: Hot/cold, Big/small, Good/bad
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