Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between a sentence and an utterance?
What is the primary difference between a sentence and an utterance?
Which of the following accurately describes complementary antonyms?
Which of the following accurately describes complementary antonyms?
Which of the following examples illustrates the concept of converses?
Which of the following examples illustrates the concept of converses?
What defines gradable antonyms?
What defines gradable antonyms?
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Which option best defines antonymy?
Which option best defines antonymy?
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What is an example of a pair of terms that are complementary antonyms?
What is an example of a pair of terms that are complementary antonyms?
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Which of the following statements is true about sentences?
Which of the following statements is true about sentences?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about utterances?
Which characteristic is NOT true about utterances?
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What are the fundamental components required for a group of words to be categorized as a sentence?
What are the fundamental components required for a group of words to be categorized as a sentence?
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Which of the following describes an utterance accurately?
Which of the following describes an utterance accurately?
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Which statement differentiates an utterance from a sentence?
Which statement differentiates an utterance from a sentence?
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Which of the following features is related to utterances?
Which of the following features is related to utterances?
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In which form do utterances primarily exist?
In which form do utterances primarily exist?
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What role does context play in understanding an utterance?
What role does context play in understanding an utterance?
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Which of the following is NOT typically included in an utterance?
Which of the following is NOT typically included in an utterance?
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What must an utterance necessarily include to be effective in oral communication?
What must an utterance necessarily include to be effective in oral communication?
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What is the primary focus of semantics?
What is the primary focus of semantics?
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Which stage of interpretation involves the use of contextual information?
Which stage of interpretation involves the use of contextual information?
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How do sentences differ from utterances?
How do sentences differ from utterances?
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What does pragmatics study that semantics does not?
What does pragmatics study that semantics does not?
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What is meant by 'sender's meaning'?
What is meant by 'sender's meaning'?
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In which stage of interpretation would the phrase 'That was the last bus' have a strictly literal interpretation?
In which stage of interpretation would the phrase 'That was the last bus' have a strictly literal interpretation?
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What is the purpose of implicature in communication?
What is the purpose of implicature in communication?
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Which of these best describes the term 'utterance'?
Which of these best describes the term 'utterance'?
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Study Notes
Semantics
- Study of sentence meaning and word meaning, not tied to context
- Focuses on the literal meaning of words
- Studies the “toolkit” for meaning
Pragmatics
- Study of utterance meaning
- Focuses on the meaning of words according to the context and their inferred meaning
- Is concerned with the use of these tools in meaningful communication
- Is about the interaction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use
Difference Between Sentences and Utterances
- Sentences are abstract, not tied to context
- Utterances are identified by context
Three Stages of Interpretation
- Literal meaning: Based on the semantic information from one's knowledge of English
- Explicature: Goes beyond the literal meaning and uses contextual information and world knowledge to work out what is being referred to and which way to understand ambiguous expressions
- Implicature: Looks for what is hinted at by an utterance in its particular context
Sender's Meaning
- The meaning the speaker intends to convey
- Is something that addressees have to continually make informed guesses about
What is a Sentence
- A complete thought or statement which conveys a complete meaning
- Consists of a subject, a verb, and an object
- Can exist in both spoken and written form
What is an Utterance
- The smallest unit of speech
- Does not necessarily convey a complete meaning
- Exists only in the oral form
Sentence VS Utterance
- Sentence: Conveys a complete meaning in both spoken and written form
- Utterance: Usually does not convey a complete meaning and exists only in the spoken form
What is paraphrase
- Sentences with the same meaning
Complementary Antonyms
- Expressions which come in pairs and which, between them, exhaust all the relevant possibilities
- Being "not X" automatically means being "Y" and being "not Y" means being "X"
- Examples: Dead/alive, On/off, Married/unmarried, Male/female
Antonyms
- Expressions which are opposite in meaning
Converses
- Expressions which express a relationship between two things such that one of the expressions conveys the relationship in one order and the other expression conveys the relationship in the opposite order
- Examples: Buy/sell, Husband (of)/wife (of), Above/below
Gradable Antonyms
- Expressions are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values
- Examples: Hot/cold, Big/small, Good/bad
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