Jung's Analytical Psychology

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

• People have naturally opposing qualities, like introversion vs. extraversion, masculinity vs. femininity, and rational vs. irrational drives

Carl Jung's Life

• Born in Switzerland, 1875
• Father was a Protestant minister, and his mother was interested in mysticism
• His early life, with parents of differing beliefs, impacted his theories
• He was a close associate of Freud but then opposed Freud's pansexual theories
• Jung developed his own theory, Analytical Psychology
• Experiencing his midlife crisis triggered a lost contact with reality
• Jung died in 1961 aged 85

Levels of the Psyche

• The conscious mind contains thoughts perceived by the ego
• The ego is the center of consciousness, but not the true self
• The personal unconscious holds repressed memories, experiences, and complexes
• Complexes are emotionally charged ideas
• The collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors
• It isn't personal memories, but universal patterns of human experience
• The collective unconscious influences behavior, emotions, and thought

Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious

• Archetypes are universal symbols from myths, dreams, and art
• The Persona is a mask in social interactions, but can be problematic is someone identifies too strongly with it
• The Shadow is the dark, hidden side of personality, and includes repressed desires and instincts
• Accepting your Shadow is key for personal growth
• Anima (found in men) is the feminine aspect
• Animus (found in women) is the masculine aspect
• Accepting these leads to psychological balance
• The Great Mother represents nourishment and destruction, like Mother Earth vs. witches
• The Wise Old Man archetype represents wisdom and guidance and is found as sages and mentors
• The Hero is a strong figure, who overcomes obstacles but has a fatal flaw
• The Trickster is mischievous to disrupt order
• The Self symbolizes wholeness and integration as the ultimate archetype
• The Mandala (circle) represents self-realization

Dynamics of the Psyche

• Causality represents how past experiences influence behavior
• Teleology represents future goals shape personality
• Progression is adapting to the external world
• Regression is looking inward for personal growth

Psychological Types

• Two attitudes: Introversion and Extraversion
• Four functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensation and Intuition

Personality Development Stages

• Childhood has the ego begins to develop
• Youth has been linked to career and relationships
• Middle life triggers inward reflection
• Old age represents preparation for death

Self-Realization

• Ultimate goal to balance the conscious and unconscious mind
• Done by accepting the Shadow and integrating archetypes
• Symbolized by the Mandala

Methods of Investigation

• The Word Association Test has patients respond to words quickly, where delays indicate complexes
• Dream Analysis reveals unconscious symbols, where "big" and "typical" dreams have universal themes
• Active Imagination has patients focus on an image until it changes, encounters with archetypes emerge

Jungian Psychotherapy

• Goal: help patients self-actualize
• Uses eclectic methods, and focuses on lifelong development
• Treats older patients differently than younger ones

Critique of Theory

• More philosophical rather than scientific
• Difficult to test empirically or be proven false
• Useful for organizing information

Concept of Humanity

• People are shaped by past experiences and future goals
• Unconscious forces are important for personality.
• Moderate on free will vs. determinism
• High in unconscious influences and low in social

Conclusion

• Emphasizes unconscious influences, personality development, and self-realization
• Archetypes from the collective unconscious influence thoughts, behaviors, and dreams
• Theories are influential but hard to test scientifically

Overview of Object Relations Theory

• Focuses on early childhood relationships with primary caregivers.
• Emphasizes social and interpersonal influences and less on biological drives.
• Major theorists: Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, Heinz Kohut, and John Bowlby.

Melanie Klein's Object Relations Theory

• Influenced by Freud and disagreed on key ideas.
• Infants have an active inner world.
• Infant's first relationships shape personality.

Phantasies

• Phantasies are unconscious mental images formed in infancy.
• Example: a hungry infant imagines a breast as good or bad.

Objects

• Objects are significant people or parts of people (e.g., a mother's breast).
• An infant’s view of the object is subjective.

Positions

• These are not stages, but overlapping positions of development

Paranoid-Schizoid Position (First Few Months)

• Infants splitting on seeing objects as all good or all bad.
• Example: Loving the breast when fed, hating it when hungry.

Depressive Position (5-6 Months Onward)

• A time when Infants realize good and bad can coexist together.
• Can lead to guilt and a desire for reparation.

Psychic Defense Mechanisms

• Infants start to develop defense mechanisms to manage anxiety:
• Introjection means absorbing objects into the self.
• Projection is to attribute feelings onto others.
• Splitting sees objects as either all good or all bad.
• Projective Identification means influencing others to feel emotions projected onto them.

Later Views on Object Relations

• This has evolved to include: Modern attachment research, effects from early trauma, and neuroscientific findings on relationships

Key Findings

• Early relationships shape brain development.
• Secure attachments lead to improved relationship quality.
• Experiencing trauma in early relationships can cause potential psychological problems.

Margaret Mahler's Theory of Separation-Individuation

• How infants develop individual senses of self.

Stages of Development

• Normal Autism occurs from for the first 0-1 month, where the infant is self-focused and not aware of others
• Normal Symbiosis occurs during 1-5 months, where Infant sees caregiver as an extension of themselves
• Separation-Individuation , occurring from 5-24 months, triggers the infant to start to recognize themselves. -This process has four subphases:
• Differentiation is exploring the environment
• Practicing increased independence
• Rapprochement begins to balance independence and closeness
• Object Constancy helps someone understand that caregivers remain permanent even if absent

Heinz Kohut's Self Psychology

• Emphasized self-esteem and self-cohesion
• Infants develops as a self through mirroring by caregivers

Key Concepts

• Grandiose Self is the child’s early sense of being important.
• Idealized Parental Imago is seeing caregivers as all-powerful.
• Transmuting Internalization is the acceptance of self-realistic expectations over time.

John Bowlby's Attachment Theory

• Infants form attachments to caregivers

Types of Attachment

• Secure Attachment occurs when the infant feels safe and loved.
• Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment occurs when the infant is clingy and anxious.
• Avoidant Attachment triggers the infant to be emotionally distant.
• Disorganized Attachment occurs when the infant has inconsistent responses to caregivers.

Critique of Object Relations Theory

• Strengths: Explains early childhood, and applications in therapy
• Weaknesses: Some ideas are difficult to scientifically measure

Conclusion

• Object relations concentrate on relationships and less on instincts.
• Early caregiver interactions can shape personality.
• More research will continue surrounding modern attachment and its effects.

Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory

• Social and cultural conditions are factors to shaping personality
• Childhood experiences is important to trigger basic anxiety
• Biological drives aren't as emphasized like in past beliefs

Historical Information

• Karen Horney was born in Germany in 1885
• Father used to be authoritarian. The mother was liberal and supportive
• Being unloved caused her theory of basic anxiety
• She studied psychoanalysis and rejected Freud’s views
• Developed her own theories regarding neurosis and personality
• Relocated to the U.S. in 1932
• Died in 1952 at age 67

Culture and Personality Development

• Plays a large impact on personality
• Modern society causes competitive and can result in anxiety
• Western culture promotes success, wealth and can make people stressed

Freud vs Horney

• Freud believed personality was biological, where Horney thought cultural and social
• Freud theorized that psychosexual conflicts are central, as Horney theorized that societal ones are

The Childhood Experience

• Lack of security leads to neurosis
• Some parental causes can be from indifference, being controlled, lack of love, or neglect

Hostility and Anxiety

• Hostility comes from neglect
• Repressed hostility goes to basic anxiety
• Basic anxiety is deep fear of being useless

Coping through Anxiety

• Seeking love and approval, being submissive, striving for power

Neurotic Trends

• (Compliance) is wanting approval
• (Aggression) is wanting control
• (Detachment) is seeking withdrawal

Neurotic needs association

• Needing to seek a partner, superior, prestige
• Wanting to be independent or have perfection

Psychological components

• Self-Hatred vs Self image as inter conflicts

View of Women

• There is no penis envy, they feel socially inferior
• There is such thing as womb envy

Treatment goal

• Become self aware

Erikson’s Post-Freudian Theor

• Expanded on Freud’s beliefs
• People can become stressed
• Lifelong development

Biography

• Born in 1902 in Germany
• He left at 18 to find his own way
• Died at 91 in 1994
• 3 ego components, and focused it

Self

• The ego is the center of consciousness.
• You have your Physical, ideals and social status
• Society influences our ego based on what we see

8 stages

• Trust vs mistrust
• Integrity vs despair