Judicial Federalism and Court Processes

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to benefit a political party?

  • Gerrymandering (correct)
  • Apportionment
  • Redistricting
  • Reapportionment

Which amendment prohibits voting discrimination based on sex?

  • 19th Amendment (correct)
  • 15th Amendment
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • 24th Amendment

What is a common consequence of voter ID laws as a backlash to the Voting Rights Act?

  • Restrictions on early voting (correct)
  • Decreased voter disenfranchisement
  • Increased voter turnout
  • Expansion of voter registration

Which type of sampling is characterized by each member of the population having an equal chance of being selected?

<p>Random/probability sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Shelby County v. Holder (2013) decision primarily address?

<p>Preclearance requirements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does early voting primarily benefit certain demographics?

<p>Supports young and working-class voters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the practice of combining multiple polling places or manipulating voter registration to dilute racial voter influence?

<p>Cracking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a close-ended question?

<p>Do you support increasing voter ID requirements? (Yes/No) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS)?

<p>To serve as the final court of appeal and conduct judicial review (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of judicial interpretation prioritizes the text of the law as it is written?

<p>Textualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stare decisis' refer to in the judiciary?

<p>The principle of following precedents in legal cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amendments are primarily associated with civil rights?

<p>13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a discretionary federal spending program?

<p>Defense spending (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between hard money and soft money in the context of campaign financing?

<p>Hard money refers to direct contributions, while soft money refers to independent expenditures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of political party organization, what do Hill committees do?

<p>They recruit candidates for federal office (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of 'iron triangle' in bureaucracy?

<p>The connections between interest groups, legislators, and bureaucratic agencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Judicial Federalism

The division of judicial power between federal and state courts, defining their respective jurisdictions.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the basic structure of the federal court system.

Stare Decisis

A legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow precedents set by previous decisions.

Writ of Certiorari

An order by a higher court to a lower court to send all documents in a case to it.

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Rule of Four

Supreme Court practice for deciding whether to hear a case; four justices must agree to grant a writ of certiorari.

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Civil Liberties

Fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals, often protected by the Bill of Rights.

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Civil Rights

Rights of individuals to be free from discrimination based on characteristics like race or religion.

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Incorporation

Applying the Bill of Rights to state governments.

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Bureaucratic Capture

An agency becomes overly influenced by the interest groups it's supposed to regulate.

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Iron Triangle

A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group.

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Divided Government

One party controls the presidency, another controls Congress.

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Duverger's Law

Tendency for single-member district plurality voting systems to favor two-party systems.

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Political Action Committees (PACs)

Organizations that raise and spend money to elect or defeat political candidates.

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Super PACs

Independent expenditure-only committees that can raise unlimited sums of money.

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Hard Money

Direct contributions to candidates

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Soft Money

Independent expenditures that do not directly support a candidate

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Yellow Journalism

A style of journalism that emphasizes sensationalism over factual accuracy to attract readers.

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Fairness Doctrine

A former FCC rule requiring broadcasters to present contrasting viewpoints on important issues.

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Culture of Objectivity

The idea that journalism should be free of personal opinions or biases, focusing only on facts.

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Telecommunications Act of 1996

Legislation that led to greater media consolidation and ownership changes.

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Ideological Bias

Prejudice based on political or social beliefs in news coverage.

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Gatekeeping Bias

Bias in selecting which stories to cover, shaping the information available.

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Coverage Bias

Bias towards emphasizing certain aspects of a story, overlooking others.

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Disinformation

False information deliberately created and spread to mislead people.

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Australian Ballot

A secret ballot that hides voter choices, preventing pressure.

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Split-ticket voting

Voting for candidates of different political parties on the same ballot.

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Primary Elections

Elections held to determine a party's nominee for an office.

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Closed Primary

Only registered party members can vote.

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Preclearance

(Voting Rights Act) review of changes to voting laws in certain areas.

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Gerrymandering

Manipulating district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.

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Reapportionment

Redistributing seats in a legislative body based on population changes.

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Redistricting

Redrawing electoral district boundaries.

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Sampling

Selecting a subset of a population to study and make inferences about that population.

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Random Sampling

Each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

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Social Desirability Bias

Respondents giving answers they perceive as socially acceptable, even if those answers are not true.

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Study Notes

Judicial Federalism

  • Federal vs. state court structure
  • Judiciary Act of 1789
  • SCOTUS (Supreme Court) final appeal court

SCOTUS Processes

  • Stare decisis (precedent)
  • Writ of certiorari
  • Rule of four
  • Petition for certiorari
  • Conference vote
  • Oral arguments (public)
  • Conference meeting
  • Majority vote
  • Majority opinion
  • Dissenting and concurring opinions
  • Appointment of justices
  • Political limits on the Court

Judicial Decision-Making

  • Legalism, attitudinalism , strategic
  • Civil Rights vs. Liberties
  • Bill of Rights
  • Due process
  • Habeas corpus
  • Bill of Attainder
  • Ex post facto law
  • Impairment of contracts
  • Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14, 15)
  • Incorporation

Bureaucracy and Spending

  • Bureaucracy
  • Bureaucratic capture
  • Iron triangle
  • Revolving door
  • Mandatory vs. discretionary spending
  • Federal spending (Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Defense)

Political Parties

  • Responsible party government
  • Divided government
  • Bounded rationality
  • Party organization (national, Hill, state, local)
  • Recruitment of candidates
  • Winning elections
  • Organizing governance and opposition

Interest Groups

  • Economic interests (corporations, businesses, labor)
  • Citizen's groups (public interest, single-issue, ideological)
  • Government interests
  • Political party similarities and differences
  • Lobbying (inside and outside)
  • Donations
  • Going public
  • Litigation
  • Protesting
  • PACs (Political Action Committees)
  • Super PACs
  • Citizen's United v. FEC (2010)
  • Hard money vs. soft money
  • Campaign spending

Mass Media

  • Mass media (forms, roles)
  • Framing and priming
  • Partisan vs. independent press
  • Yellow Journalism, muckraking
  • Fairness Doctrine
  • Culture of objectivity
  • Telecommunications Act of 1996
  • Media Consolidation
  • Bias (ideological, gatekeeping, coverage)
  • Disinformation and fake news

Voting

  • Australian ballot vs. party ballots
  • Split ticket voting
  • Primary elections (closed, open, top two)
  • Caucuses
  • Amendments to voting rights
  • 15th Amendment (race)
  • 19th Amendment (sex)
  • Grandfather clauses
  • Literacy tests
  • Poll taxes
  • White primaries
  • Voter intimidation
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965 (preclearance, coverage formula)
  • Backlash to the VRA
  • At-large elections
  • Appointments
  • Purging voter rolls
  • Exact match laws
  • Shutting down polling locations
  • Racial Gerrymandering
  • Voter ID laws
  • Limiting early voting
  • Felon disenfranchisement
  • Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
  • Voting reforms (early voting, same-day registration, online registration, vote by mail, automatic voter registration)

Gerrymandering and Redistricting

  • Gerrymandering (partisan and racial)
  • Cracking, packing, hijacking, kidnapping
  • Public Opinion
  • Sampling (population, sample, inference)
  • Non-random sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Random sampling
  • Probability sampling
  • Issues with surveys and polls
  • Social desirability bias
  • Sampling bias
  • Pros and cons of telephone vs. internet surveys

Survey Methodology

  • Single-sided vs. two-sided questions
  • Double-barreled questions
  • Ambiguous questions
  • Leading questions
  • Response rates, margin of error, polling averages

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Judicial Federalism: Federal vs. State Courts PDF

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